Politics and Society Essay

â€Å"There was an old bastard named Lenin Who did two or three million men in. That’s a lot to have done in But where he did one in That old bastard Stalin did ten in.† ― Robert Conquest[->0] According to the historian Robert Conquest, Joseph Stalin â€Å"gives the impression of a large and crude claylike figure, a golem, into which a demonic spark has been instilled.† He was nonetheless â€Å"a man who perhaps more than any other determined the course of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Any adult inhabitant of this country, from a collective farmer up to a member of the Politburo, always knew that it would take only one careless word or gesture and he would fly off irrevocably into the abyss.† (The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p â€Å"Fear by night, and a feverish effort by day to pretend enthusiasm for a system of lies, was the permanent condition.† (Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, â€Å"According to some reports, entire groups of men were taken in one swoop by the NKVD. ‘Almost all the male inhabitants of the little Greek community where I lived [in the lower Ukraine] had been arrested,’ recalled one à ©migrà ©. Another reported that the NKVD took all males between the ages of seventeen and seventy from his village of German-Russians. †¦ In some stories, the police clearly knew they were arresting innocent people. For example, an order reportedly arrived in Tashkent to ‘Send 200 [prisoners]!’ The local NKVD was at its wits’ end about who else to arrest, having exhausted all the obvious possibilities, until it learned that a band of ‘gypsies’ (Romany) had just camped in town. Police surrounded them and charged every male from seventeen to sixty with sabotage.† In the city of Zherinka, â€Å"‘Ivan Ivanovich’ †¦ had his wife sew rubles [Soviet currency] into his coat because the NKVD was taking all the men in his town.† (Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalin’s Russia, 1934-1941

A Comparative Study between Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel

Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were both Baroque composers who used the Italian and French styles that were the basic language of the Baroque. The study of Bach and Handel is interesting because of their marked similarities and subtle differences. Bach and Handel were of Saxon ancestry. They came from neighboring towns, Bach from Eisenach, Handel from Halle, and were born but one month apart in the same year, Handel in February, Bach in March, 1685 (Young, 1962). They were both masters of concerto in all its forms:sonata;suite;fugue;opera;cantata;both sacred and secular;oratorio;mass;passion.Both Bach and Handel learnt their art by making copies of all the works of acknowledged masters. Bach and Handel were studious copyists throughout their lives. Besides Johann Christoph, Bach took as models the Italians, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Lotti, Caldara, Legrenzi, Marcello and many others. His special interests led to keyboard music, to violin music and to choral mus ic. Handel, under Zachau, made an anthology of excerpts from Froberger, Kerll,Strungck, Johann Krieger. During his later career he was influenced by Alessandro Stradella, Giacomo Carissimi, Georg Muffatt, Karl Heinrich Graun, Giovanni Clari and others.Though they sound like brilliant stars rising at the same time, they charted their different paths in music according to their individual natures. There was no musical tradition in Handel's family, his father was a prosperous surgeon who intended George Frideric for the Law; on the other hand members of the Bach dynasty had been for generations conspicuous in musical affairs in Thuringiaevering. Bach remained within the boundaries of his Saxon fatherland throughout his life and was a good citizen and was the father of twenty children.Handel, on the other hand was the man of the world, honored all over Europe. He was bold and outgoing in nature. The one tragic similarity in their lives is that they both went blind at the end of their li ves (Young, 1962). While Bach's grave was forgotten, Handel, who died nine years later, in 1759, was laid to rest in the English pantheon, Westminster Abbey. In those days, music was solely written for the sole purpose of immediate performance, its preservation beyond that moment being a secondary consideration. â€Å"Occasional† or commissioned work used to be the rule.Bach wrote his cantatas for the services of St. Thomas' Church in Leipzig, and Handel wrote his operas for special performances and strictly to suit the voices of the personnel that happened to be available. Bach’s work was mostly unrecognized and neglected for many generations till the 19th century. He was recognized as a great musician by the world only 75 years after his death. The later 18th century knew Bach mainly as an instrumental composer who wrote especially for the organ and the piano (Bekker, 1927). People tended to interpret Bach’s from diverse viewpoints.Bach used to be considered a contrapuntist pure and simple, a learned musician who treated music as a sort of mathematics (Bekker, 1927). From this viewpoint, Bach seemed to be principally a servant of the church, a sort of Protestant Palestrina who also wrote secular music. Later it became apparent that he could not after all be counted simply as a composer of Church music, so he was looked upon as a romantic poet. The romanticists, declared that Bach was the archromanticist, and should be interpreted with the utmost feeling and expression.Some felt that Bach's music was inherently emotional (Bekker, 1927). Whatever the angle of perception, Bach came to be regarded as the great builder of musical form. Contrastingly, Handel, the cosmopolitan composer and impresario, was internationally famous in his own lifetime. He was primarily a writer of oratorios (Young, 1962). His instrumental compositions were not considered serious enough for study. The Italian operas which he composed in were considered worthless in the eyes of the critics of that period (Bekker, 1927).Today however, things have changed and Handel's operas are in the repertoire of nearly every great opera-house (Bekker, 1927). Bach used a personal synthesis of the Flemish and Italian styles with German counterpoint, Handel showed a strong early inclination toward the extroverted and dramatic world of Italian opera (Krantz, 2007). In short, it can be said that Bach looked inward and Handel outward. Bach composed cantatas and organ music and, by his genius and talent for seeing holistic symbolism in words and music, he extended the character of his models (Young, 1962).Handel, more fluent, more rhetorical, and a free agent with his way to make in the world seized the formalized patterns of entertainment music in secular cantata, in oratorio, in opera, and in instrumental music (Young, 1962). Both Bach and Handel had different personalities. Bach was an introvert whereas Handel was an extrovert. Handel assimilated the various nati onal styles and specialized in each of them separately. Bach assimilated the various influences with his own personal style and arrived at a fusion of national styles in which the single elements are inseparable (Dorak, 2002).The main works of Handel are his operas, written from an universal perspective for an international public. The main works of Bach are his cantatas, written for the local churches, and his passions, the monuments of his liturgical severity. Handel, being a widely traveled musician has visited many international centers of music. Bach, on the other hand confined himself within the limits of central Germany. Bach’s great works include the Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, most of the great preludes and fugues, and the 45 chorale-preludes gathered in Das Orgelbuchlein [the little organ book].His instrumental compositions are the Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue; the English Suites; the French Suites; the Two-Part and Three-Part Inventions; and Book I of the cele brated Well-Tempered Clavier. He also wrote several unaccompanied violin sonatas and cello suites, and the Brandenburg Concertos, recognized as the best concerti grossi ever composed. The St. John Passion was performed (1723) at Leipzig and his Magnificat was presented shortly after he assumed that post.Many more of his superb religious compositions followed: the St. Matthew Passion (1729), the Christmas Oratorio, the sonorous Mass in B Minor, and the six motets. The principal keyboard works of this period were Book II of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the four books of clavier pieces in the Clavierubung and the Goldberg Variations. His last notable compositions were the Musical Offering composed (1747) for Frederick the Great and The Art of the Fugue (1749). In all his positions as choir director, Bach composed sacred cantatas—a total of some 300, of which nearly 200 are extant.There are also over 30 secular cantatas, composed at Leipzig, among them Phoebus and Pan (1731). Th e bulk of his work is religious. In his instrumental and choral works he perfected the art of polyphony, displaying an unmatched combination of inventiveness and control in his great, striding fugues (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004a). Handel's 46 operas include much of his finest music; among them are Julius Caesar (1724), Atalanta (1736), Berenice (1737), and Serse (1738), which contains the tenor aria now known as Largo. Handel's opera, ‘Messiah’ was presented in Dublin in 1742.An essentially contemplative work, it stands apart from the rest of his 32 oratorios, which are dramatically conceived, and its immense popularity has resulted in the erroneous conception of Handel as primarily a church composer. Other outstanding oratorios are Acis and Galatea (1720), Esther (1732), Israel in Egypt (1736–37), Saul (1739), and Judas Maccabeus (1747). He also composed about 100 Italian solo cantatas; numerous orchestral works, and the anthem â€Å"Zadok, the Priest† (1727) for the coronation of George II, which has been used for all subsequent coronations (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004b).There is one particular text that was set to music by both Bach and Handel. This is Eilt ihr angefocht'nen Seelen in the Passion Oratorio (by Handel) and in the St. John Passion (by Bach). They used the same key and the same pictorial representation of ‘haste', and the choral interjections at dramatic points are also common. Bukofzer, however, has opined that Handel's music is inferior because it lacks the highly individual stamp that distinguished Bach from all other composers (Dorak, 2002). When one considers their particular musical styles, Johann Sebastian Bach's music is not pompous, not theatrical; it is not court music, not gala music.His music was essentially introspective music; he did not think of the audience for whom he composed; his music is the product of his inner reflections. It is an outward expression of his tender feelings. Even in the most grandiose and eloquent moments of his â€Å"Passions† he still remains intimate. Bach’s music thus addressed itself mainly to the connoisseur. Handel wrote for the world, for the court, for the stage. His music is naturally brilliant; he has the gift for clear sonorities and powerful rhythms, which make a physical impression on the crowd, exalt and carry it away.His breadth and simplicity of design make his work illuminating, he is popular. But Bach's art is one that aims to say many things in an instant – in a single word (Landormy & Martens, 1927). This richness sometimes made it difficult for people to understand and appreciate. Handel focuses most on the harmonic clarity of his ensemble; he makes choice of what he wishes to say, he is sober, concise; He prefers to use the simple air of accompanied monody rather than polyphonic complexities (Landormy and Martens, 1927).Dynamic patterns in music were principally of two types: the melodic, which made use mainly of the voice and is known as thorough-bass, and the contrapuntal, which made use mainly of instruments and is mistakenly called polyphony (Bekker, 1927). On the superficial level, one may find that Bach is a composer of instrumental music in contrapuntal style and Handel on the other, a composer of vocal music in thoroughbass style. Some might classify the work of Bach, the pious man as subjective and Handel, the worldly man as an objective type. But these distinctions are not firmly based.Both were religious men who were also practical in their approach. They were both introspective as well as objective and both wrote vocal as well as instrumental music, and both made use of thorough-bass as well as of contrapuntal forms. They figured bass and counterpoint, and although they performed individually, they were also teachers in singing. They even chose to specialize in the same musical instrument: the organ. Bach lead his congregation in the singing of cantatas on Sundays o r the Passions on high holidays at St. Thomas's church at Leipzig much in the same way as Handel conducted his operas and his oratorios (Bekker, 1927).Bach’s music can be termed as intensive melodies whereas Handel’s music can be termed extensive melodies. Bach uses very dense contrapuntal texture with complex and chromatic harmonies. On the other hand Handel uses a simple template for his expressions and hence his work is meant for instant sensuous appreciation. The extensive quality of Handel's melodies allows his music to be amplified whereas this is not possible in the case of Bach's music. Amplification would destroy the transparency of the contrapuntal process. The vocal component of Bach’s music is very difficult to perform.There are disjunct movements and awkward intervals. There is no overlapping between the instrumental and vocal lines. In fact, the free-voiced choral polyphony of Handel and the strictly linear, instrumentally conceived polyphony of Ba ch form the two poles of late Baroque music (Bekker, 1927). Handel considers the flow of ideas more important than elaboration whereas to Bach, elaboration is more important. The fast changing textures in his choral writing clearly indicate that for Handel, counterpoint is only a means to a dramatic end (Krantz, 2007). On the contrary, Bach takes it as an end in itself which must be consistent.By nature of its conception, Handel’s counterpoint reaches its apex through the vocal medium. Handel’s work depends so much on the vocal component so much so even his keyboard fugues seem to call for text and become most excellent in vocal form. This accounts for the success of Handel in vocal music (Krantz, 2007). Bach is more adept at the instrumental form. Bach prefers to submit his choral polyphony to an instrumental standard. To quote Tevfik Dorak: â€Å"In the flexibility of his choral idiom, Handel surpasses Bach in the same measure as Bach surpasses Handel in contrapunta l consistency† (Dorak, 2002).One of the major differences between them lay in their individual conception of tone. A person who conceives tone vocally will also feel instrumental music as vocal, and the person who conceives tone instrumentally will also feel vocal music as instrumental. Some comparative features among the two great masters are as follows (Dorak, 2002):Bach conceived tone instrumentally and Handel vocally.Bach focused a lot on spiritual music and created profoundly religious cantatas, passions and masses. Handel treated even religious theme based oratorios such as the â€Å"Messiah† with a theatrical effect. This was more popular to the middle class audience.The vocal component of his music was used essentially as a melodic instrument with the most intricate demands of counterpoint expected of it. Handel's writing for the voice is completely idiomatic and the freer contrapuntal textures are more vocally conceived and are contrasted with powerful choral w riting.Handel demonstrates the Italian conservatism in his music and uses very simplified form. Bach is conservative in his adherence to the complex polyphonic texture, but progressive in his choice of modern forms, such as the concerto form of Vivaldi. Similarly, the organ style of Handel is clearly influenced by the idiom of the harpsichord as the opposite is true for Bach.Bach is related to the immediate future in his attitude because of modern day focus on instrumental music, while Handel is related to the past. On the other hand the melodic, homophonic figured bass chosen by Handel is more relevant to modern music than Bach's contrapuntal style. Thus both these composers are in some ways relevant to the past and in some other ways relevant to the future. The two great masters of the Baroque period were not beyond criticism.Bach was criticized because he was too intellectual and, paradoxically, because an excess of reason conflicted with the aesthetic precepts of the Age of Reas on. Handel was criticized for exceeding the conventional in the extras which he introduced into his orchestration to underline his dramatic appreciation of scene and situation. Whatever be the criticisms, it remains undeniable that these two masters of Baroque were outstanding in their natural talent. Though they belonged to the same place and same period and produced musical works of similar genre, they differed in their styles of expression.This difference actually was a major asset to these great masters who remained true to their inner beliefs. The honesty of expression combined with their outstanding talents has helped define baroque music.BibliographyDorak, Tevfik (2002). Handel and JS Bach. http://www. dorak. info/music/jsbgfh. htmlBukofzer MF. Music in the Baroque Era. WW Norton & Company Inc. NY, 1974, pp. 345-9.Krantz, Allen (2007). George Frideric Handel. http://www. classicalarchives. com/bios/handel_bio. html Landormy, Paul and Martens, H. Frederick (1927).A History of Music. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1927. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004a).Bach, Johann Sebastian. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004 The Columbia Encyclopedia (2004b).Handel, George Frideric. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2004. Young, M. Percy. (1962).The Choral Tradition: An historical and analytical survey from the sixteenth century to the present day. W. W. Norton Publishing. New York 1962. Bekker, Paul (1927).The Story of Music: An Historical Sketch of the Changes in Musical Form. Translated by Alice Kortschak and Herter Norton. W. W. Norton and Company Inc. New York. 1927.

Research Data Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Data Memo - Essay Example It is calculated as: As we can see most of the variables have relationships with the price of the apartments. The price of the apartments is most strongly related to the number of bedrooms. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the correlation between price and the number of bedroom is 0.30 whereas the upper limit for the same is 0.61. The positive value of r indicates that the price increases as the number of bedrooms increase in the flat. As expected from intuition, the price is inversely related to the distance of the apartment from the town. As the distance from the town increases, the price of real estate decreases. Both the lower limit and the upper limit of 95% confidence interval of r is in the negative region. The number of pools is also inversely related to the price of real estate. The upper limit and lower limit of the correlation coefficient is both in the negative region which implies that in 95% of the samples, the two variables will have a negative relationship amongst them. The variable Township is positively related to the price of the real estate for the data set given. But, the lower limit of the correlation coefficient between the two variables is negative indicating that in certain data sets, the relationship between the two variables might be negative indicating that the price of the real estate decreases as the number of township increases. Possible reason for the same might be the increase in the congestion levels which may result with increased number of townships. Generally, Pearsons r coefficient is significant when it is higher than 0.2 with degrees of freedom 103 and p

Studies in Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Studies in Literature - Essay Example A plot carries nine elements including exposition, foreshadowing, inciting force, conflict, rising action, crisis, climax, falling action and denouement. The three elements of plot have been described below: (ii) Conflict: Conflict is the central and most dominant part of the piece of literature, which is the basic element in the creation of plot itself. The developments in the story are dependent of rising of man’s conflict with his social set up, culture, religious belief or his own self. (iii) Rising Action: Rising action simply means the subsequent chain of events created in the aftermath of conflict. Rising action is generally the outcome of immediate provocation or inciting force that paves the way towards reaching the climax point. NOVEL: Literally means something new, latest or innovative, novel refers to the work of fiction, story or tale, narrating some anecdote about one or few specific character(s) in a long prose form. Novel is stated to be the invention of 18th century, and Richardson’s Pamela (1741) is considered as the first novel in the history of English literature. Though novel arrived as a genre of literature very late in comparison with the drama and poetry, yet it immediately captured the attention of the readers everywhere, and has become one of the most popular forms of modern literature. A novelette also contains the same characteristics as carried by a novel, but the major difference between the two is this that novel consists of comparatively large number of words and characters, while a novelette is precise in respect of words and list of characters. Tolstoy maintains remarkable command over portraying the bitter realities of life on the one hand, and pointing out the prevailing social evils on the other. Being a highly sensitive writer and a brilliant observer, he skilfully inter-knits the events happening in the life of his

International business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International business finance - Essay Example On the other hand, too high or too frequently declared cash dividends may deplete internally generated capital, compelling the company to resort to more costly external financing according to the pecking order theory. Miller and Modiligliani (1961) proposed that the value of a firm was not dependent upon its dividend policy (Azzopardi, 2004). Rather than imply that the prospects of a regular cash income are not an important motivation of shareholders to invest in a firm, it is more likely, rather that there are different preferences and investment horizons for different potential investors. Generally a type of firm or industry would tend to attract investors of a similar profile with similar investment expectation, although not to the extent that deviation from one, ideal, type of dividend policy would dissuade potential shareholders from investing. Shareholder wealth is enhanced in two ways: by capital gain through the rise in the price of the stock, and through income distribution in the form of cash dividends. The dividend discount model implies that stock valuation should rise with rising cash dividends. On the other hand, pecking order theory proposes that retention of earnings in the company allows the firm to explore new opportunities for expansion without sourcing additional capital from external, costly sources. Finally, there is the signalling theory that opines that cash dividend declarations conveys the information to investors concerning the company’s long-term sustained earnings potential (Azzopardi, 2004; Kapoor, 2006). Determinants of dividend policy formulation Despite the apparent straightforward relation between dividend policy and stock price that determines shareholder wealth, empirically the relationship between them is not clear cut. There exist conflicting factors that qualify the manner dividend policy impacts upon the firm’s value and, therefore, shareholder wealth (Malla, 2009). The market therefore tends to associate va rious factors with dividend payout, which in turn influence the manner policy makers approach the issues surrounding dividend policy formulation. It is commonly assumed that the best dividend policy is one that increases shareholder wealth by the greatest amount, since it is presumed that the objective of policy setting is to increase the wealth of its shareholders (Adefila, 1995). However, correlation studies of stock prices and dividend policy revealed a relatively loose correlation between shareholder wealth and dividend policy, leading to the conclusion that various internal and external factors affect the formulation of dividend policy, some of which may not impact positively on shareholder wealth in the short term. The studies recommend a holistic approach to the formulation of dividend policy, since shareholder wealth is not the only consideration, nor even the overriding purpose, of setting the dividend pay-out. The findings of Adefila, made two decades ago and in relation t o an emerging market, are consistent even with findings of recent studies conducted in developed markets such as the United States. Gill, Biger & Tibrewala (2010) determined that in the US setting, the particular firm’s industry is also determinative of the typical (if not optimal) dividend payout policy adopted by it. It was found that the dividend payout ratio is dependent upon the

Cross Cultural Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cross Cultural Management - Assignment Example The human resource manager’s busy schedule meant that the interview session had to be re-scheduled several times. It was on the fourth schedule that the manager was available but only for one and half hours. Through this face-to - face contact with human resource manager, it was evident that expatriates in this country face several challenges. It came out clear that expatriates have multiple challenges in respect to the country. These challenges relate to a change in the physical environment, culture adaptation to new attitudes and traditions. Other factors include changes in the legal aspects, organizational norms, policies and procedures in accomplishing tasks (Blackbum, 2012). Other factors that the expatriate brings out to the reader include politics, entertainment, and social influences. The coffee shop where the interaction took place is a wonderful place. On the walls, different traditional photos communicate to the customer almost popular artifacts of the people. It was an anticipation that a busy individual like this manager would rush through the interview. At times, one would not been able to capture important aspects in the notepad. This meant that the interview had to be on record an issue the manager considered okay. This manger has been working for a non-governmental organization in the capacity of Human resource manager for the last one year. This position came as a vacancy in its head office. The expatriate is married and had to relocate with his family. In terms of age, the individual is almost in his early thirties with a Masters degree in human resource management. The organization assists in relief work and other activities around the globe, and this is his second country of assignment. The interview yield information on the economy of expatriates on foreign missions, their personal experiences, and the issue of raising a family in these foreign countries. The interview provides information on work outcomes of

Competitive Strategies & Government Policies Essay

Competitive Strategies & Government Policies - Essay Example This involves marketing and supply of suitable, vehicles and motorbikes. The provisions only allow marketing of standard products that influence the increase in demand (Gallagher, 2006). The second category is safety; it inspects the general environmental safety of automobile industries. The policy checks if the rule regarding safety to employees are complied. The safety rules also affect the restriction to mergers and trade policies. The safety of surrounding public is also considered to ensure pollution doesn’t affect their living. Another regulation is information; it regulates advertising restrictions, standard identity and classes of vehicles in terms of prices. The information directly affects consumers because they are enlightened on their rights and are protected by consumer act. All these rules guide the performance of automobile industry during their operation (Gallagher, 2006). The government imposes taxes. The taxes help the government to regulate the foreign exchange and ensure equity in the automobile industry. Taxes help the industry to be independent so that it can grow. The percentage of tariffs is always deducted from exports. The tariff becomes government income. The taxes are imposed on imports to control dumping in a foreign country. Different tax laws provide clearance system that includes tax deduction to support domestic industries get

Blog Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog - Article Example The company understood that the S5, which is packed with health and fitness features like pedometer, built-in heart rate monitor, and fitness tracker would trigger even more interest in its Gear Fit. That is why the Gear Fit was hyped and aggressively marketed prior to its launch that came soon after the launch of the S5. The essence was to portray the Gear Fit as a companion to the S5 that was not a luxury but a valued-adding gadget. So, essentially, Samsung used the popularity and reach of its smartphones to sell the Gear Fit. Secondly, Samsung adopted a health and fitness theme with the launch of the S5 and the Gear Fit that would surely resonate with most people who are conscious of health and fitness. By doing this, the company made sure that by the time the gadget came the target market had already got wind of its availability and developed interest in it. This shows a good application of market/consumer segmentation techniques, because unless you want to stay healthy and fit there is really no need to buy the gadget. Samsung knew who it wanted to rope in, and it went for the jugular. Personally, I know about the Gear Fit before its launch and even though I am not a fan of Samsung gadgets I developed interest in it (to the point of contemplating buying one) simply because I am very conscious about my health and

Nanosolar Solar Panel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nanosolar Solar Panel - Essay Example Nanosolar will increase the value of its products for all its stakeholder by going global. For the same manufacturing and Research and Development expenses, it will be able to widen its market. The best strategy is to penetrate a country that is underexplored by solar panel manufacturers. By using export mode, Nanosolar will be able to maximize current investment. The mobility of its panels will make it easy to transport. Nanosolar may continue manufacturing its products in its current location and ship it to the country of choice. Introduction: Company Background Nanosolar is a revolutionary solar panel created by a startup company who got their initial funding from Silicon Valley venture capitalists (VC). True to the reputation of young Silicon Valley technology developers, Nanosolar is radically different from other solar panels such as Sunpower and Evergreen. This solar panel is as thin as newspapers, foldable, flexible and very light. This makes it a non-intrusive technology. Ot her solar panels need to be incorporated in the construction of buildings or houses or would require major construction to be installed. Nanosolar’s size, lightness, and flexibility make it easier to be installed. Any existing homeowners can buy this solar panel and install it with minor repairs (LaMonica 2008, 41). The company originated in Chicago but has expanded its operation in the United Kingdom. In fact, their first major contract was in Germany instead of the U.S. Nanosolar continues to develop its technology to improve the amount of heat it converts to energy and make solar electricity cost as affordable as conventional electricity. They are now officially the world’s most affordable solar panel and also the most profitable for the stakeholders of the company and efficient for the consumers of the product. Its superior technology and even more superior market positioning also give it the potential to be a truly global product. It is the only solar panel on the market that is possible to be shipped through conventional consumer courier. It is the framework that makes Nanosolar’s entry into the foreign market not only practical but logical. It will maximize the current investment by capturing a larger market. Main Report Motives for Internationalization The strongest reason for internationalization is the value it promises to its shareholder. The most obvious is the additional revenue it will generate using existing resources (Friedman 1970, 32). Nanosolar is the only one of its kind in the market that is easy to transport because of its flexibility. It renders the setting up of a manufacturing plant unnecessary. Companies who expand to foreign markets are forced to open a manufacturing plant in or near the market they want to penetrate. This equates to bigger investments which lengthens the returns to the stakeholder (Hollensen 2011, 231).

Domestic or Foreign Policy Issue Essay Example for Free

Domestic or Foreign Policy Issue Essay The political system of the United States has it that the three branches of government are independent and co-equal. In all policy issues, both domestic and foreign, the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary function separately but in support of the other two. In the War on Terror of the United States of America the three branches of government have each a separate role to do. The Constitution assigns to the President as Chief Executive, the chief command of the armed forces, matters related to foreign relations and the administration of the laws of the land. He is granted broad powers, such as in the Detainee Treatment Act, when the nation’s security is threatened and is at risk and as Vice President Dick Cheney said, â€Å"the Bush administration’s effort to keep the nation safe†. The justification is to â€Å"maximize the exercise of power to protect the nation,† because in the War on Terror, the president is vested with the â€Å"authority to establish rules related to both the detention and trial of alleged enemy combatants† (Corn, 2008). Congress is the law maker of the nation. Joint Resolution 23 or the War Powers Resolution of both Houses of Congress, gave the President â€Å"specified procedures †¦ regarding military action of the United States †¦ [which is the] responsible policy making that the Constitution assigns to the Congress† (Frye, 2002). The Courts are the final arbiters on questions of law, put simply the Judiciary interprets the Laws. In the War on Terror, the Supreme Court overruled both Congress and the President when it â€Å"struck down a provision of the Detainee Treatment Act that limited the access to judicial review by detainees in Guantanamo seeking to challenge their classification as enemy combatants† and in another instance when it â€Å"struck down assertions of plenary presidential authority to establish rules related to both the detention and trial of alleged enemy combatants† (Corn, 2008). In the War on Terror the three co-equal branches of government are carrying out their constitutional mandates, in their own independent forms to keep the country safe. References Corn, Geoffrey S. (2008, June 18). Boumediene v. Bush and the Role of the Courts in the War on Terror. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. worldpoliticsreview. com/article. aspx? id=2310 Frye, Alton. (2002, April 17). Applying the War Powers Resolution to the War on Terrorism. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. cfr. org/publication/4514/ Swarns, Rachel L. (2008, December 21). Cheney Defends Bush on President’s Role. The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/12/22/us/politics/22veeps. html? Mount, Steven. (2009, January 20). Constitutional Topic: The Government. US Constitution Online. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. usconstitution. net/consttop_govt. html

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply

Base Multiplier Approach to Money Supply Traditionally, it has been shown controversially that money supply is determined using the base multiplier approach. The multiplier model of the money supply, originally developed by Brunner (1961) and Brunner and Meltzer (1964) has become the standard model to explain how the policy actions of the Central Bank influence the money stock  [1]. However, there is more than sufficient evidence to suggest that monetary authorities do not determine the money supply and that the flow of funds approach makes more sense. Consequently, I will compare and contrast the base multiplier and the flow of funds approaches to the determination of money supply and determine which occurs in reality in view of the present economic climate. Under the base multiplier approach, the monetary authority (Bank of England) sets the size of the monetary base, which in turn determines the stock of broad money as a multiple of the base.  [2]  This process is described below: Ms = Cp + Dc (Equation 1) In the equation above, Ms refers to the broad money supply, Cp refers to private sector (excluding banks) notes and coins and Dc refers to bank deposits. The next equation is for the monetary base (B) is as follows: B = Cb + Db + Cp (Equation 2) In Equation 2, Cb refers to banks notes and coins while Db refers to deposits with the Bank of England. Both combined they can be called reserves R and can be substituted into the equation above to form Equation 3. B = R + Cp (Equation 3) The quantity of money can now be expressed as a multiple of the base as follows:  [3]   (Equation 4) The next stage is to divide through by bank deposits to obtain the Equation 5 as follows: If = ÃŽÂ ± and = ÃŽÂ ², then the equation above becomes Equation 6 below: The symbol ÃŽÂ ± is the private sectors cash ratio, while ÃŽÂ ² represents bank reserves. Under the multiplier approach the money supply equation is then obtained by multiplying both sides of the equation with the monetary base B. Therefore, Equation 7 becomes: The rationale behind this is that assuming ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ² are fixed or stable, the money supply is a multiple of the monetary base and can change only at the discretion of the authorities since the base consists entirely of central bank liabilities. The Flow of Funds approach says that money supplied is determined by open market operations. It presents the opposite view to the multiplier approach as those in favor believe that other factors determine the supply of money, not monetary authorities or policymakers, it looks at the demand for money not just the supply side. They also believe that banks are able to obtain reserves from central banks as required and are not a constraint. Under this approach credit or loans credit by the private sector create deposits and not the other way round as put forward by the base multiplier approach. The flow of funds model of money supply determination is as follows: Ms = Cp + Dc, the same definition of broad money supply as was used in the base multiplier approach (Equation 8) The next equation focuses on the changes in money supply, i.e: ΆMs = ΆCp + ΆDc (Equation 9) A change in deposit is matched by a corresponding change in loans, which can be further divided into loans to the private sector (Lp) and loans to the UK government (Lg): ΆDp = ΆLoans = ΆLp + ΆLg (Equation 10) Equation 9 could therefore be re-written as Equation 11 as follows: ΆMs = ΆCp + ΆLp + ΆLg The flow of funds approach was developed at a time when the UK government needed to borrow from banks to meet its requirements as issuing bonds was not sufficient. This had stopped being the case for a while, as the UK government was able to meet its requirements solely through the issue of bonds. Consequently, ΆLg can be further broken down to take into effect the monetary implications of the public sector deficit:  [4]   ΆLg = PSNCR ΆCp ΆGp + Άext (Equation 12) PSNCR stands for public sector net cash requirement; ΆGp represents sale of government bonds to the general public and Άext represents the monetary effect of official transactions in foreign exchange by the central bank (and this is equal to zero in a floating exchange rate regime)  [5]   Consequently, by substituting Equation 12 into Equation 11, obtains: ΆMs = ΆCp + ΆLp + PSNCR ΆCp ΆGp + Άext, which becomes Equation 13 as follows: ΆMs = PSNCR ΆGp + Άext + ΆLp Equation 13 shows a link between loan demand and the state of the economy.  [6]  As the total amount of goods and services produced within an economy grows, the demand for credit and a corresponding will also increase to finance the growth according to the flow of funds model. Deposits will also grow to match the increase demand. The differences of opinion between those in favor of the base multiplier approach and the flow of funds approach comes from how they view how money supply is determined. The base multiplier approach believes that money supply is exogenously determined while the flow of fund approach believes it is endogenously determined. Despite the differences, they do agree on the concept of the Quantity Theory of Money (QTM). QTM states that there is a direct relationship between the quantity of money in an economy and the level of prices of goods and services sold.  [7]  Heakal explains that if the amount of money in an economy doubles, price levels also doubles causing inflation. The consumer therefore pays twice as much for the same amount of the good or service.  [8]   The theory is denoted by the Fisher Equation: MV = PT; where M is the money supply, V is the velocity of circulation (i.e. the number of times money changes hands in an economy)  [9]  ; P is the average price level and T the volume of transactions of goods and services. Both approaches agree on the formula but disagree on the assumptions. In the case of the base multiplier approach, Friedman believes that V is constant (http://www.risklatte.com/BraveEconomist/02.php), and T is constant in the short term, while the flow of funds approach believes that V is a variable, with their rationale being that since consumer and businesses spending needs determine the number of times money changes hands in the economy, then V cannot be constant. While there is agreement that there is a direct relationship between the money supply and the level of prices of goods and services sold, the nature of that relationship is disputed. The base multiplier approach goes on the assumption that a change in money supply directly influences price levels and/or a change in supply of goods and services.  [10]  The endogenous argument believes the relationship works the other way round, i.e. that changes in price levels or in supply of goods and services results in changes in the money supply. So instead of the money supply being determined by the monetary authorities as the base multiplier approach believe, the flow of funds approach believe that it is actually interest rates that determine the money supply. Consequently, the role central banks or monetary authorities have played is only to set interest rates and let the commercial banks and consumers do the rest through demand and supply. In reality, it is clear that the endogenous view is more viable. In terms of velocity of circulation, statistical analysis shows that v rises during booms and deregulation and falls during slumps and reregulation  [11]  , therefore, making redundant the argument of people like Friedman that v is constant. Furthermore, the role of the central bank as a lender of last resort makes their ability to control the money supply almost impossible.  [12]  This is because they are guaranteed to provide funds to commercial banks as appropriate. This was seen in numerous instances during the recent global recession. For example, at the start of the economic crisis in 2007, the Chancellor of the Exchequer authorised the Bank of England to provide a liquidity support facility to Northern Rock against appropriate collateral and at an interest rate premium. This liquidity facility will be available to help Northern Rock to fund its operations during the current period of turbulence in financi al markets while Northern Rock works to secure an orderly resolution to its current liquidity problems  [13]. We have seen that the two approaches to money supply determination are influenced by the exogenous and endogenous views. The exogenous view lends credibility to the base multiplier approach and asserts that an external agent monetary authorities or the policymaker determines the supply of money, while the endogenous approach believes this is done through open market operations. The only way the policymaker intervenes, according to endogenous views is by setting interest rates. Thereafter, the commercial banks and their customers take over the process which of demanding and supplying credit which ultimately determines the money supply in an economy. The base multiplier approach will never and has never been used, the flow of funds model is thought of as being a better model for the money supply as it takes account of demand and supply. In reality the endogenous approach of the flow of funds is at work. Contrary to the exogenous approach insinuating that the money supply is independent of interest rates, the endogenous approach believes that the higher the demand for loans the higher the interest rates which encourages banks to lend more. Therefore modern economies recognise that the policymaker sets short-term interest rates and the quantities of money and credit are demand-determined.

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia :: Yugoslavia Military Economy Economics Essays

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia From its birth in 1918 to its death in the 1990’s, Yugoslavia has always been a whole. Yugoslavia was kept together by it’s diplomacy and their good reputation and achievements during the administration led by Tito. As a result of his death, neighbors that lived in peace for decades turned on each other, ethnic hatred was occuring and republics were declaring independence one after the other. The country was gradually falling apart. There were many reasons for the breakup of Yugoslavia but one of the most important one was realism which basically deals with politics. Realism played an important role because equal power was never distributed in Yugoslavia and there was a struggle of power. Tito’s liberalism recieved a large amount of criticism from the USSR, especially, Joseph Stalin. Stalin, responded by cutting all ties between Yugoslavia and the USSR. Because of this, Tito wasn’t obligated to follow Soviet policy, and because of that Yugoslavia was no longer being funded by the USSR. This lack of financial support posed a huge threat to Yugoslavia’s survival. It was only after Tito’s death in 1980, that the world began to realize his true significance. Tito had controlled Yugoslavia for 35 years. During that time, his prestige and remarkable diplomacy held the country together. The Yugoslav Army played a disastrous role not only as an enforcer of political decisions but as an independent. In Tito’s time, the army had only a subordinate role. In those days, the Communist Party and the army were the glue that held the country together. When the Communist Party separated, the army remained the sole power that guaranteed the union. After the secessions, it became an army without a country. With Tito’s death in 1980 and the death of the Communist party in 1990, the national army was cut adrift with an idea with noone to control it. They eventually made themselves powerless. The most significant reason for the disintegration was the reintroduction of nationalism. Because Yugoslavia was created after self-determination the Serbs saw an opportunity to create a new slavic nation. Serbs saw in the idea of Yugoslavia the opportunity to have all Serbs living in a single state, and in addition, gathering around them the other nationalities in such a way that Serbs would play the dominant role.

Using Technology for Research and Learning in the Field of Education Es

Using Technology for Research and Learning in the Field of Education In the last decade technology has expanded greatly. Now, we can order movie tickets, make reservations, and even listen to music without ever leaving the comfort of our own homes. But technology tools are not only used for entertainment purposes. These tools also help us learn and explore new things. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of technology tools as they apply to learning and research within education. Tools for Teaching and Learning The computer is a very important tool used in education. â€Å"During the past three decades, computers have become the most talked about, written about, and ubiquitous machines ever to be imposed upon mankind.†( Rockart, 1995, p. 55). The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) is said to be the first computer. It was a â€Å"huge machine having thousands of vacuum tubes and consuming vast amounts of electrical power.† ( Merrill, 1996, p.54). By the early 1970’s, the regular computer was invented. Around the same time, something called the Internet emerged. The Internet is a worldwide network. It connects LAN’s, WAN’s, and other regional networks from all over the world together into one global network. Recently, the Internet has become very popular. It was predicted in 1996 that by the year 2000, most universities and many homes would have Internet connections. (Merrill, 1996). This prediction was correct. By linking a computer to t he Internet, one can gain access to a wide variety of additional resources and services. One can send e-mail, access electronic boards, and obtain a huge amount of information from different databases. Using e-mail greatly benefits students. With access t... ...ing. Retrieved October 8, 2001 from: http://ccaat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/teachdemo/teachdemo.html. Questia launches student research and paper-writing service. (2001). Information Today, 18, 34. Retrieved October 7, 2001 from Academic Search Premier Rockart, J. F., & Morton, M. S. (1995). Computers and the Learning Process in Higher Education. Berkeley, CA: McGraw- Hill. Scott, E. (2001). Using the internet, online services, and CD-ROMS for writing research and term papers. Book Report, 19, 80. Retrieved October 7, 2001 from Academic Search Premier. Schank, R.C., & Cleary, C. (1995). Engines for Education. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Wilkes, D. (2001). Turning Math into a Positive Experience via Tech Tools. Media & Methods, 37, 185-204. Retrieved September 29, 2001 from Academic Search Premier.

My father, my hero Essay

My father is not a celebrity; he is not such a recognizable face. My father is not a national hero; he is not a multi-millionaire. My father is just an average quiet man, whom I honour and respect. My father was born in 1954, in the small South-Indian state of Kerala. He was the fourth child of my grandfather (late C.M. Thomas). My father managed to succeed well enough in classes to pursue education at Ranny College (Affiliated to Kerala University). In college, he majored in physics and soon went to Bombay, looking for a job. There he completed a financial accounting course and thus received a job offer (for secretary) in Saudi Arabia. He arrived in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1980, vastly different from the one we see today. While in Saudi, he met my mother, who was working as a nurse in one of the hospitals there. They got married in India and started their married life in Saudi Arabia. Soon after that, he got a job offer as an accountant from one of the branches of Nissan Diesel. He has been a faithful employee of Nissan Diesel for over 20 years now. In the past 20 years, he received many awards and promotions in appreciation for his dedicated service. Presently, he is working as the manager of one the three main showrooms of Nissan Diesel in all of Saudi Arabia. My mom on the other hand, is now the ‘Deputy Nursing Director’ of one of the best private hospitals in the Kingdom. Both my father and mother, hold high executive positions and are a great help to the South-Indian community is Saudi Arabia. My father is a very respected person, both in India as well as in Saudi. In his company, he has a staff of 25 people, working directly under him. My father is a truthful and straight-forward person, who has excelled due to his very unique leadership skills. He has also been a great help/support to many friends & relatives there. I truly believe that people like him are an asset to the South-Indian community. He is an outstanding problem-solver/a troubleshooter and has always been a great help for his company. He also plays a great role in the church as an elder and as an active figure. My father has now decided to immigrate to Canada, far from the land of his memories and dreams to a new land of supposed opportunity for his children. As a role model, my father’s life and destiny is never based him on alone. He has sacrificed his own personal happiness for the well being of his children. The comfort of living in a familiar culture as a well-known figure, has been traded for the future education and happiness of his two children. In choosing this country to settle in, my father is forsaking his respectful position, higher salary and close family. In return, he will gain nothing personally besides the happiness and well being of his children. I truly honour and respect the courage that accompanies such a decision. And for this reason, my father is my hero. He is my role model.

Report consisting of local, regional and national teams in football Essay

My local, regional and national football team is Tranmere Rovers FC; they currently have 26 members of their first team, which is managed by Ronnie Moore. They play in the Coca-Cola Football League One, which is basically the 2nd division excluding the premiership. In 1999, the sports market was valued at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.17 billion, an increase of 4.9 per cent on the 1998 value. This means that football on its own makes nearly a quarter of the sports market now. The most successful avenue has been in the form of replica clothing and football shirts. This particular commercialisation of sports increases revenue for teams and is one of the major sources of income. A perfect example of this would be when Real Madrid bought David Beckham from Manchester United for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million plus. This was a very high transfer price but Real Madrid were very clever because they knew that they would earn millions of pounds from replica kits bought because they had Beckham playing for them. Most premiership clubs now have superstores attached to their grounds where supporters can buy merchandise. Clubs can also expand their retail business to other countries, the top teams in the world have stores in Asia where football is very popular, even more so when they have Asian players in their team. Ji Sung Park who plays for Manchester United would have made them millions of pound in revenue from fans in Asia buying replica kits. Football over the past decade has become more and more about money. Teams who earn promotion to the Premiership can expect to earn up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million through TV revenue and sponsors. The top teams who compete in continental competitions such as the Champions league can expect to earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million more. The lower leagues do not have the luxury of this amount of money but they do receive TV revenue, but this is split between the leagues and is much lower than the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 million expected from premiership teams. Because Tranmere Rovers are a professional side, they can sell their replica shirts in the retail sector. These are priced at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the home kit and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½39.99 for the away kit and provide a considerable amount of revenue. Ticket sales are also another form of income that football clubs rely on, many of the top teams can earn as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 million per game dependent on the size of their ground. Main Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½13 Seniors (60+) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Paddock / Johnny King Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 Kop Stand Adults à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15 Young Persons (17-22) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Seniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 Juniors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 In 2006 Tranmere average attendance was 7,211 in league one. Their estimated gate receipts for a home game would therefore be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½129,798. In league 1 they play 23 home games so an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,985,354 a season is made from gate receipts. For the Financial year ending 30 June 2006 the club operated at a pre-tax profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½397,662. Advertising is another important financial investment that Tranmere Rovers use to increase revenue. The advertisement that is available around the ground is as follows; Perimeter board – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,500 per season Half page adverts in match day programs – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 per season Full page adverts in match day programs – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,000 per season Player sponsors – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 Webpage advertisement – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 per month (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,600) per year Match day sponsor – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200 for 16 guests Match ball sponsor – à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½160 Tranmere can expect to make an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,760 from advertising each year through each individual offer. Sponsorship is a very important factor in the overall turnover in most professional football teams and Tranmere is no different. Tranmere rovers employ many individuals to help with the daily running of the club, organising events, finance, sponsorship, and many other duties to help with the squad. The club is run by these individuals; Chairman – Lorraine Rogers Chief Executive – Mick Horton Finance Director – Richard Hughes Associate Director – Tony Adams Associate Director – Norman Wilson President – Peter Johnson They employ a further 24 people that work behind the scenes at the club as well as the reserve team and youth team. Local Rugby The local rugby team I will discuss is Widnes Vikings, they currently have 29 first team players who are manages by Steve McCormack, they have 30 first team members in their squad In comparison to football, there is a lot less money involved in rugby league. But teams such as Widnes Vikings can still make money through advertising and merchandise. They compete in the National league 1 which is a division below the Super league. When they were relegated from the super league in 2005 they decided to remain a professional side rather than switch to amateur, this resulted in the club being in debt because they failed to achieve promotion to the super league. On 29 January 1999 Halton Borough Council took over responsibility for the entire Stadium, both financially and managerially. This was necessary as the joint venture companies arrangements were not performing as expected. This plunged the club into even more debt. Halton stadium can now hold 13,350; Widnes Vikings only have an average attendance of only 6,500. This is much lower than other clubs in the league and one of the main reasons could be the ticket prices. A season ticket can be up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½224.00 A normal match day ticket can be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16 This is much higher than other clubs in the league and this could explain the low attendances. Merchandising is also a major part of the Vikings revenue. They sell replica kits in many sport shops, these shirts cost up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30. Another avenue for revenue is advertising and TV revenue. Sky sports 1 regularly show live Widnes Viking’s games during the season. The money from TV revenue is a much needed source of income for rugby league sides. The main people who run the club and deal with the business are as follows: Chief Executive: Peter Barrow Operations Manager: Patrick Cluskey Head Coach: Steve McCormack Assistant Coach: Andy Haigh Under 21’s Coach: John Stankevitch Under 18’s Coach: Dave Banks Strength & Conditioning: Andy Haigh Player Performance Manager: John Foran Community Manager: Martin Davidson Community Development Officer: Rob Calland Bibliography www.widnesvikings.co.uk www.tranmererovers.premiumtv.co.uk www.wikipedia.co.uk Task B There are 3 different sectors that I will look at and how the organisation of sport is dictated. Voluntary Sector The voluntary sector is the largest sector for participation for sport in Britain. Most amateur clubs, like Sunday league football clubs are run on a voluntary basis and some voluntary clubs own their own facilities, but most of the amateur clubs hire out to train in. The facilities that these clubs hire out are usually hired from the public sector and this gives the voluntary clubs the chance to play sport. The voluntary sector is also linked to the private sector because they can have sponsorship from the private sector. The voluntary sector is funded by the members of there own club, for example in a football team you have to pay a signing on fee, pay for training facilities and pay match fee’s which usually covers the cost of team kit and the fee for the referee. Clubs can also apply for money grants from 4 different sources, which are the national lottery, national governing bodies, government and local authorities. Public sector The public sector is split up into 2 different governments which are central government and local government and each of these have many different jobs to do for sport. Local government invests à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.1 billion a year on British sport and focuses on providing equitable access to sport and recreation facilities and different opportunities for the public. Central government in funded by taxes, VAT and it also receives money from the national lottery. Its role in sport is to develop policies, passes laws, funds sports councils, which are UK sports council and then one sports council each for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Central government also distributes lottery money which then can be divided out to many plans, such as providing grants and to local governments. Central government has a different number of departments that are responsible for sport and they are the department for culture, media and sport (UK), the Northern Ireland of education and Welsh and Scottish offices. Private sector The main aim of the private sector is to provide a service for its customers and members while at the same time making a profit for the company. Individuals invest their own money in facilities. There are only 2 reasons why the private sector provides sports facilities and they are to make a profit off sport and to make a profit on their own investment. The areas private sectors are involved in-active sport (tennis, fitness suites), spectator sports (stadiums for football) and sponsorship. The private sectors, such as football clubs may run football camps involving the public sector to set it up with them, or football clubs might invite voluntary clubs to their training facilities and show them round the stadium. Money in football has increased dramatically since the introduction of the FA Premier league in 1992. The main reason for this is the TV revenue the teams earn by their games being aired live on TV, usually on Sky sports on Setanta sports. This is illustrated by the figures shown by Deloitte, club revenues of over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.4 billion in 2005-06 while is 2007/2008 it is expected to be above à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.8 billion. With the new three year deal Sky will pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.314 billion for 92 games and Setanta à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½392 million for 46 games. Foreign TV rights will produce à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½625 million in revenue whilst Internet and Mobile Phone revenue will be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 million. The top club in Premiership will receive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50m (including prize money as well as TV revenue) compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30.4 million with the current deal. The new deals will, by a significant margin, provide the Premier League with the second richest set of television contracts negotiated by any sports league in the world. This is a lot of money for a business that started out in public schools in the late 80’s, and there are a lot of drawbacks for the fans because of the media and the sponsorship deals such as: Rule changing Because the game is watched by millions of fans all around the world, on certain channels that have paid millions of pounds to be able to show, they can have the influence to change the rules. In 1994 the golden goal was introduced, this meant that if the game went into extra-time, the first team to score a ‘golden goal’ would therefore win the game. It was introduced to the game to stimulate offensive tactics and flair by teams and effectively reduce the number of penalty shoot-outs.

Monsoons in India

It involves clearing a patch of forest land, but retaining useful trees and plant varieties, cultivating it for two to three years and then abandoning it for 10-20 years to allow the natural forest to grow back and the soil to regain its fertility. The cycle of cultivation, leaving it fallow and coming back to it for cultivation, is called the Jhum cycle. Traditionally, a village community owns/controls the forest land and decides on such rotational cultivation pattern. Thus the community cultivates land for its livelihood while practising conservation and taking care of the ecological balance. However, with the population pressure, communities wanting to grow more food have cleared greater chunks of forest lands and returned to the fallow plots much sooner than 10-20 years. The length of the fallow phase between two successive cropping phases has come down to even two to three years in some places. This has resulted in soil degradation, fall in yield, lower returns, and reduction in green cover. It is this change in traditional practice, arising out of changing conditions, that has given jhum agriculture a bad name. Separately, forests are being exploited for timber and hills are being flattened for soil and stones. Often, this denuding of the forest too is blamed upon jhum cultivation. The state government has come out with various schemes to provide the jhumais with alternate means of livelihood and wean them away from jhuming. However the needs of the jhum cultivators have not been assessed rightly and these schemes have met with limited success or have completely failed. It is important to state here that shifting cultivation should not be confused with slash-and-burn. Slash-and-burn is a mere land clearing method used by many people around the globe to open up forest land and use it for permanent agriculture. On the contrary, shifting cultivation is an integrated farming system involving forestry, agriculture and strong social organisation on the part of the communities. Ecologically, the practice of jhum has a deleterious effect on the local environment, while others have often thwarted those arguments and proved that jhum in fact is a sustainable form of agricultural production best suited for the specific ecology of the hill regions. The arguments against jhum have included projecting it as an unsustainable practice that depletes the soil of nutrients, reducing the forest cover, causing landslides, etc. Arguments against jhum have come from state forestry departments, development ministries like DONER (Development Of North East Region) or trade promoting entities like the World Bank who lean towards utilisation of the region's forest resources for the benefit of national and private capital. In addition, private entities wishing to utilise the land for specific profit-making ventures, like extraction industries, utilise these arguments to push the state to wean away local villagers from practicing jhum in order to lease the land. This has happened in the hill regions of Meghalaya and Assam where corrupt or otherwise, village councils leased out land to private and national corporations for extraction industries including coal, limestone, and uranium in the future. In addition, the paper industry has pushed for the growth of bamboo by villagers as a cash crop replacing an egalitarian cultivation system with one that has created a small mercantilist class controlling all bamboo production. However, these arguments have been rebutted by many scientists, including studies by organisations like the Indian Institute of Science, Tata Energy Research Institute and UNESCO who have proved in different ways that jhum is indeed a sustainable form of agriculture best suited to the rainy hill regions of Northeast India, over other forms of agriculture such as valley or terrace cultivation. Studies have further proved that, contrary to arguments of soil infertility, the practice of jhum ensures that fallowness in the soil is not compromised on, and often rapid regeneration of the vegetation takes place once a tract of land is abandoned after cultivation. CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change & its Impact on India India, the seventh largest country in the world and the second largest in Asia, has a total geographical area of 329 Mha, of which only 305 Mha is the reporting area (the area as per the land records of villages and towns). The mainland stretches from 8 4†² N to 37 6†² N and 68 7†² E to 97 25†² E. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km and a coastline of 7,516 km. India, the seventh largest country in the world and the second largest in Asia, has a total geographical area of 329 Mha, of which only 305 Mha is the reporting area (the area as per the land records of villages and towns). The mainland stretches from 8o4†² N to 37o6†² N and 68o7†² E to 97o 25†² E. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km and a coastline of 7,516 km. In developing countries like India, climate change could represent an additional stress on cological and socioeconomic systems that are already facing tremendous pressures due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development. With its huge and growing population, a 7500-km long densely populated and low-lying coastline, and an economy that is closely tied to its natural resource base, India is considerably vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The various studies conducted in the country have shown that the surface air temperatures in India are going up at the rate of 0. 4oC per hundred years, particularly during the post-monsoon and winter season. Using models, they predict that mean winter temperatures will increase by as much as 3. 2oC in the 2050s and 4. 5oC by 2080s, due to Greenhouse gases. Summer temperatures will increase by 2. 2oC in the 2050s and 3. 2oC in the 2080s. Extreme temperatures and heat spells have already become common over Northern India, often causing loss of human life. In 1998 alone, 650 deaths occurred in Orissa due to heat waves. Climate change has had an effect on the monsoons too. India is heavily dependent on the monsoon to meet its agricultural and water needs, and also for protecting and propagating its rich biodiversity. Subtle changes have already been noted in the monsoon rain patterns by scientists at IIT, Delhi. They also warn that India will experience a decline in summer rainfall by the 2050s, summer rainfall accounts for almost 70% of the total annual rainfall over India and is crucial to Indian agriculture. Relatively small climatic changes can cause large water resource problems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as northwest India. This will have an impact on agriculture, drinking water and on generation of hydro-electric power. Apart from monsoon rains, India uses perennial rivers, which originate and depend on glacial melt-water in the Hindukush and Himalayan ranges. Since the melting season coincides with the summer monsoon season, any intensification of the monsoon is likely to contribute to flood disasters in the Himalayan catchment. Rising temperatures will also contribute to the raising of snowline, reducing the capacity of this natural reservoir, and increasing the risk of flash floods during the wet season. Increased temperatures will impact agricultural production. Higher temperatures reduce the total duration of a crop cycle by inducing early flowering, thus shortening the `grain fill’ period. The shorter the crop cycle, the lower the yield per unit area. A trend of sea level rise of 1 cm per decade has been recorded along the Indian coast. Sea level rise due to thermal expansion of sea water in the Indian Ocean is expected to be about 25-040 cm by 2050. This could inundate low lying areas, down coastal marshes and wetlands, erode beaches, exacerbate flooding and increase the salinity of rivers, bays and aquifers. Deltas will be threatened by flooding, erosion and salt intrusion. Loss of coastal mangroves will have an impact on fisheries. The major delta area of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus rivers, which have large populations reliant on riverine resources will be affected by changes in water regimes, salt water intrusions and land loss. Increase in temperatures will result in shifts of lower altitude tropical and subtropical forests to higher altitude temperate forest regions, resulting in the extinction of some temperate vegetation types. Decrease in rainfall and the resultant soil moisture stress could result in drier teak dominated forests replacing sal trees in central India. Increased dry spells could also place dry and moist deciduous forests at increased risk from forest fires. Medical Science suggests that the rise in temperature and change in humidity will adversely affect human health in India. Heat stress could result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heal stroke, and damage physiological functions, metabolic processes and immune systems. Increased temperatures can increase the range of vector borne diseases such as malaria, particularly in regions where minimum temperatures currently limited pathogen and vector development. as one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Econ omic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. This policy intended to make SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum possible regulations. SEZs in India functioned from 1. 11. 2000 to 09. 02. 2006 under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Policy and fiscal incentives were made effective through the provisions of relevant statutes. To instill confidence in investors and signal the Government's commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime and with a view to mpart stability to the SEZ regime thereby generating greater economic activity and employment through the establishment of SEZs, a comprehensive draft SEZ Bill prepared after extensive discussions with the stakeholders. A number of meetings were held in various parts of the country both by the Minister for Commerce and Industry as well as senior officials for this purpose. The Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, was passed by Parliament in May, 2005 whic h received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. The draft SEZ Rules were widely discussed and put on the website of the Department of Commerce offering suggestions/comments. Around 800 suggestions were received on the draft rules. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th February, 2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedures and for single window clearance on matters relating to central as well as state governments. The main objectives of the SEZ Act are: (a)generation of additional economic activity (b)promotion of exports of goods and services; c)promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources; (d)creation of employment opportunities; (e)development of infrastructure facilities; It is expected that this will trigger a large flow of foreign and domestic investment in SEZs, in infrastructure and productive capacity, leading to generation of additional economic activity and creation of employment opportunities. The SEZ Act 2005 envisages key role for th e State Governments in Export Promotion and creation of related infrastructure. A Single Window SEZ approval mechanism has been provided through a 19 member inter-ministerial SEZ Board of Approval (BoA). The applications duly recommended by the respective State Governments/UT Administration are considered by this BoA periodically. All decisions of the Board of approvals are with consensus. The SEZ Rules provide for different minimum land requirement for different class of SEZs. Every SEZ is divided into a processing area where alone the SEZ units would come up and the non-processing area where the supporting infrastructure is to be created. was one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set p in Kandla in 1965. With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. This policy intended to make SEZs an engine for economic growth sup ported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum possible regulations. SEZs in India functioned from 1. 11. 2000 to 09. 02. 006 under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Policy and fiscal incentives were made effective through the provisions of relevant statutes. To instill confidence in investors and signal the Government's commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime and with a view to impart stability to the SEZ regime thereby generating greater economic activity and employment through the establishment of SEZs, a comprehensive draft SEZ Bill prepared after extensive discussions with the stakeholders. A number of meetings were held in various parts of the country both by the Minister for Commerce and Industry as well as senior officials for this purpose. The Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, was passed by Parliament in May, 2005 which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. The draft SEZ Rules were widely discussed and put on the website of the Department of Commerce offering suggestions/comments. Around 800 suggestions were received on the draft rules. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th February, 2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedures and for single window clearance on matters relating to central as well as state governments.

Public bank management Essay

1.Introductions The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter that becomes an important tool for analysing an organizations industry structure instrategic processes. This model is applicable to the banking industry. Public Bank do compete with the other financial institution in Malaysia, however they also must cooperate with one another in many respects. There is an underlying problem which is the banks in Malaysia are so similar that there is essentially nothing one of them can do that the others cannot easily duplicate 2. Five Forces Analysis a. Threats of new entrants Malaysia has not put a barrier to entry for any financial institution manly banks in Malaysia, thus making it easy for any financial institution to penetrate into the industry. b. Bargaining power of suppliers a bank has three suppliers of its product, money: 1. Its depositors has no bargaining power whatever in reality. If they make time deposits the bank will set the price or interest rate it will pay. 2. The credit market the credit market as a source of supply of the raw material, money, is open to all at all time if they are qualified participants. The source of supply can be argued to be infinite. 3. The central bank The Central bank is effectively the resource of last resort. Apparently, at least for the moment, it will continue to supply liquidity to the banking system in virtually unlimited quantities at very reasonable cost. c. Bargaining power of buyers In the banking industry, customer have has very limited bargaining power. However the customers may option in changing to other banks that they think is offering a better offer than Public Bank. c. Threat of substitute product For the most part there is no real threat of substitute products in the banking industry. However there probably will be continues evolution of  products from paper to electronic in coming years. This is an area of potential competition for whomever banks that choose to use it in their services. d. Rivalry among competitors Generally all banks offer somewhat the same products and services to their customers, thus there is not much differentiation between Public Banks and the other competitors. This is making the competition much higher. Public Bank is actually ranked as the top banks earners in Malaysia in 2009 alongside with Maybank, Bumiputra Commerce, RHB Capital and Hong Leong Bank. 3. Table 1: Method used to identify opportunity and threat for Public Bank using external environment factors and industrial environment factors.(Factors under industry environment are derived from Porters Five Forces). 4. Opportunities 1. Economic growth Malaysia had definitely have been more economically stable and improving, thus financial institution such as Public Bank are needed to aid the overall development of the country. 2. Government policy Encouraging borrowings, loans, investment and consumption demand. 3. Awards and accolades Through recognition, Public Bank can project a positive image to their customers 4. Market share Public Bank has the highest market share for the private sector unit trust business, thus having a larger customer base. 5.  Low switching cost Nowadays it is easy for any customer to switch to other banks with just a click away, making the switching cost to be faster and cheaper, making it easy for the customers to switch to Public Bank. 5. Threats 1. Substitute product/service are available There is a potential competition to whomever banks that choose to upgrade their product and services to cater to their customers need. Maybank for example provide a customer friendly interface through their website www.maybank2u.com, and it became the most visited website in Malaysia. 2.Substitute performance Maybank, Bumiputra Commerce, RHB Capital and Hong Leong Bank are Public Bank competitors and each is recognized for their performance. This will make the competition even higher. 3. Customer switching cost Other than being an opportunity, switching cost can also be a threat for Public Bank as the customers can also easily switch to other financial institution. 4. Government legal& barriers There are no barriers that the government put for any legal financial institution to enter in the industry, making any new entrants penetrate into the market share easily. 5. Exit barriers High exit barriers in the industry are making the competition between Public Bank and the other competitors are even higher. 6. Conclusion Porter Five Forces Model are used to identify how the forces affect the attractiveness and profitability of Public Bank, and through this forces, the factors that influence these forces are used in the table 1, to identify Public Bank opportunities and threats. By identifying Public Banks industry environment, the company can improve and sustain their product and services for their customer, ultimately improving their performance.

It’s a Good Life vs Twilight Zone Essay

After comparing the story â€Å"It’s A Good Life† by Jerome Bixby to the movie adaptation of Twilight Zone, I found many differences in each account. In Jerome Bixby’s version, Anthony is a 3 year old little boy. He has purple eyes, and is a creature with godlike powers. He can transform people and objects into anything that he wants, and he can read others minds. In this story, Anthony does not speak until the very end. Anthony plays with a rat during the story. He is bored from playing with it, so he makes the rat eat itself. At the end of the story, Anthony turned Dan into a creepy object and wishes him into the cornfield. In the Twilight Zone, Anthony is portrayed as a six year old little boy. He has blue eyes, instead of purple. He is a monster with godlike powers, also. He controls and destroys the things around him whenever he wants. Anthony speaks throughout the entire screen version. He creates a three-headed animal that he plays with during the Twilight Zone. At the end of the episode, Anthony turns Dan into a jack-in-the-box. Some structural differences between the two accounts is the dialogue of Anthony. In the story, he does not speak until the very end. In Twilight Zone, he talks throughout the entire episode. The screen version of â€Å"It’s A Good Life† is more effective. It keeps the audience’s attention, and it is more appealing. The story version does not hold the audience’s attention throughout the entire story. The screen version includes more details and is more in-depth than Jerome Bixby’s version.

Marketing Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example The organization has selected Stockholm as their business operation area. Stockholm is one of the leading historical area enrich with numerous business hubs and colleges. The city is famous for its emerging wine and food market. Most significantly several popular restaurants and wine bar are operating within this competitive and potential market place. Seeing these favorable factors, the organization is trying to establish their business in Stockholm. Moreover, several favorable aspects like high disposable income of people, favorable social tradition, economic development, political stability, availability of advanced technology and resources have encouraged the organization to enter in the business field. The organization is trying to achieve competitive advantages through effective product differentiation strategy and sustainable business operation. The aim of the study is to reveal the potential business opportunities for the particular business venture. The marketing plan includ es situation analysis, business objectives and goals, target market analysis, a marketing mix frame work. The strategic plans have implemented in this study to achieve the business objectives. Finally, the study will locate implementation and control of the stated objectives. Situation Analysis An internal situation analysis has been provided in this study. SWOT Analysis This strategic analytical tool will determine Finch Wine Bar’s internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. A summarized table of SWOT analysis has been provided in the appendix part. Strengths The business operation place is the most crowded place in the country. Skilled management team and differentiated product range will help the organization to create a potential customer base. Availability of several international and domestic wines will increase the core competency of the wine bar. Effective customer service and closed-line product and service technology will bring efficiency in the business process. Significant waste management system and water recycle facility are the most significant strengths of this organization. It will help to increase the brand reputation of the organization. Weaknesses Lack of brand awareness in the mind of the customers is one of the greatest weaknesses of the organization. Lack of sufficient resources at initial stage of business operation will limit the organization to achieve significant business output. Lack of effective relationship with distributors and suppliers can affect the supply chain management process of the organization. Opportunities The Swedish market is potential for wine bar business. Recently Sweden has joined WTO that will increase the business activities. Festive seasons and favorable location will help the organization to more number of customers. High disposable income of people and technological development of the nation will encourage the organization to undertake aggressive business strategy. Threats The Swedish wine bar market is highly competitive due to presence of several potential Organizations. Several political threats including licensing problem can affect the business Process of Finch wine bar in near future. Recent economic recession and European financial crisis has affected restricted the buying decision of middle class people. Now-a-days, the tendency of Swedish people is changing towards the healthy drinks and green tea consumption. Focus and Goal Settings Business

Credit Agricole a multi-channel mutual bank Case Study

Credit Agricole a multi-channel mutual bank - Case Study Example She had developed trust in the bank through her long time financial advisor. In going back to ask for the mortgage, Pauline was a little bit disappointed when she found that her financial advisor had moved 3 months ago. Even though she accepted that reality, she still went forth to seek services of the bank without comparing to other banks. Pauline and Louis were disappointed with the initial interest rate offered to them by Bernard, which was 5.5 interest rate plus insurance. The two had hoped to bargain an insurance rate less than 5.5% based on having a long customer loyalty history. This was not the case as the prices were reached by simulation software and any cut not allowed. Pauline was shocked to get a phone call after cutting a deal with Bernard of paying the mortgage at 5.5% interest rate plus insurance, though she was realized the same bank had an ongoing promotion of 4.8 % which had been reserved to outbound call-center campaign. Pauline was disappointed when Bernard pretended not to know such a service existed, though later called her and gave her the mortgage at 4.8% interest rate. Pauline found that service delivery by the people in the bank to be slow. Before getting an appointment to Bernard, it took her 2 attempt to get a chance. The call center advisor was slow in responding to crucial questions and making arrangements. In addition, Bernard was not available at some point to see Pauline, though she was at his office. Bernard took days to reply to Pauline’s requests and messages. The financial advisors, Bernard appeared not to have coordinated with well will the call center advisors since they had different information about what Pauline should get for her mortgage. The service which Pauline received was not upto standard like the way she had expected. The process of getting the mortgage took a very long time, and it had a lot of uncertainties and conflicting figures

Why might democracies be more peaceful in their relations with each Essay - 1

Why might democracies be more peaceful in their relations with each other than with state that are not democracies - Essay Example A State is formed when a group of people organize themselves and decide to live together peacefully in society on the bases of common goals, identity, ancestry, language, culture, religion, ethnicity, history, customs, and territory. Society may also be defined as a broad grouping of people living in a common area and having common traditions, institutions, activities, and interests (Laswell and Kaplan 1960). The family is the basic unit of society, and a family is formed when two or more human beings decide to live together to pursue common goals. From these commonly accepted definitions can be distinguished one characteristic that defines families, societies, and states: they share common interests. Social scientists have observed that, normally, sharing common interests help people to live together peacefully, because each one is different and unique in terms of capabilities. Through personal experience, people learn that they cannot do everything, so they have to depend on each other. In the process, they realize they cannot have everything, so they surrender some of the things they want to get others they want more or that would help them survive. In society and among States, the balance of power between two or more agents is what ultimately decides their courses of action. The same holds true for nations and States, which is why until now, wars are fought and peace has been elusive. It has been only some sixty years since a bloody world war was fought, and less than two decades since the Cold War ended (Kennedy 1999). These show that more than common interests and balance of power, there is a third factor that governs the relationships among States: ideologies. An ideology is "a set of ideas that are in some logical way related to one another" (Ranney 2001, p. 69-70). Macridis (1992) suggested four criteria to distinguish ideologies from ideas: comprehensiveness, pervasiveness, extensiveness, and intensiveness. Ideologies that are well-developed contain five basic components: values, vision of the ideal polity, conception of human nature, strategy of action, and political tactics. Among the well-known ideologies (Ranney counted at least fifty-five, mostly ending in -ism), this discussion focuses on democracy, one of the most difficult to understand and define because many along the wide spectrum of political ideologies use it to support their aspirations, from left-wing Communists to right-wing Fascists, from liberals to conservatives. What is Democracy Ranney (2001, p. 95) defines democracy as a "form of government organized in accordance with the principles of popular sovereignty, political equality, popular consultation, and majority rule." This definition specifies that there are four principles of democracy (p. 96-98). The principle of popular sovereignty requires that "the ultimate power to make political decisions is vested in all the people rather than in some of them or one of them". The principle of political equality requires that "each adult citizen has the same opportunity as every other adult citizen to participate in the political decision-making process"; this is also known as the "one person, one vote" principle. The popular consultation principle has two requirements: first, there should be an institutional machinery through

Define our approach to developing a Lifce Cycle Cost for the RRRP - to Research Paper

Define our approach to developing a Lifce Cycle Cost for the RRRP - to help prime develop logical path to developing and fielding technical solutions - Research Paper Example By working towards maximizing value in terms of achieving economic competitiveness and value through lowering the lowest long term costs of ownership, a good objective will be achieved for all the departments. The assessment of life cycle costs includes the cradle to the grave costs and provides a method to accurately consider long term decisions. Six different radar test centres have come together in order to create a single unified program to replace their existing ageing radar systems, hence this new umbrella organization is the one that stands to benefit the most from the improvement of the radar life cycle. The first stage in the improvement of the radar life cycle is the acquisition stage, where old and defective parts of the system would need to be replaced by new components. One of the first aspects which must be taken into consideration is that the existing radar systems are fifty years old and therefore practically obsolescent, and will require periodic upgrades of both software and hardware, which would only involve further costs. How often such upgrades would need to occur would depend upon how often computer capacities would increase. For example, Moore’s law states that the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit would double every two years, so this effectively means that existing technologies would become obsolescent very quickly. Hence hardware and software upgrades may be required at least once every four to five years. Moreover, in the case of older systems, manufacturers of some of the parts could stop making them and it wou ld become difficult to replace the parts, thereby necessitating upgrades, because some components are no longer available. Where radar systems are concerned, the accuracy and complexity requirements are also quite high; therefore the capacity of all the

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final - Research Paper Example On the basis of common and discriminated accountabilities and individual abilities, developed nations must play a key role in fighting climate change and its negative impacts. As a developing nation, China is required to provide considerable importance to the subject of climate change (China.org.cn., n.d.). The paper will describe climate change issues in China which has faced significant condemnation from other nations. The objective of the paper is to understand how China has been dealing with climate change issues. Climate Change Mitigation Attempts in China In China, â€Å"The National Coordination Committee on Climate Change† has issued a range of policies and requirements in relation to climate change. China is ranked in the second position among nations with respect to carbon emission mainly because of high level of fossil fuel emission. It is being claimed by global leaders that China’s population, which is nearly four times larger than that of the United States , is the biggest emitter of carbon. The business related decisions in China have intensely impacted the level of international carbon emission and these decisions are inspired by trends of financial growth, local environmental safety and technological development. In order to make reformation in the economy, China has commenced wide-ranging efforts for ensuring energy effectiveness and use of renewable power sources, resulting in lessening of energy concentration. China has recognized that economic development cannot be sustained in the long run without reversing the damage to the environmental resources, national structure, farming output and national environment. Ignorance of these aspects leads to environmental pollution and resource diminution. In the year 1990, China had developed â€Å"Inter-ministerial National Climate Change Coordinating Committee†, making it accountable for policies and measures to mitigate the climate change (Chandler, Schaeffer, Dadi, Shukla, Tudel a, Davidson, & Alpan-Atamer, 2002). China’s Economic Responsibilities towards Climate Change China has confronted numerous environment-related issues due to its rapid economic development with respect to aviation, ports, energy resources and land resources among other aspects. China’s complex and corrupt bureaucratic system has faced criticisms for ineffective environmental policies. In the year 2006, China’s carbon emissions surpassed by 8% those of the United States. This has generated immense pressure from other nations calling for strengthening of the climate policy of the nation (PBL, 2007). China has also faced immense stress due to climate issue internally. The public of China have expressed grievances because of environmental issues. In China, the penalties for violation of carbon emission are too light. The organizations of China need to pay a maximum of one million Yuan for violating the rule of climate policy which is quite low in comparison to develo ping a waste treatment plant, costing approximately ten million Yuan (Liu, 2007). Thus, these low amounts of fine effectively enable organizations to violate federal instructions on environment. Several analysts suggest that the carbon emission in China can be as much as 20% more than the expectation. With respect to greenhouse gas emission, China has already surpassed the United States. According to the national figures, carbon emission of China increased almost 7.5% annually from 1997