AVA The Talking Elephant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AVA The Talking Elephant - Research Paper Example AVA The Talking Elephant is prospective business that seeks to market unique medicine dispensers. The medical dispenser is designed for infants and toddlers. Basically, our product is a plastic elephant toy with a built in medical dispenser. It also makes encouraging sound to motivate the children. The whole idea behind this product is the challenge for parents to give medicine to infants and toddlers. The product is designed to make the medicine giving time tear free and horror free for both the parents and the children. Market research is taken as the best tools to identify the best entry behavior of the business that will enable the business to survive avoid the huge competition. This paper seeks to present the best location for the medicine dispenser business to be located and the rationale for it. The paper will also present how the business will be organized internally. It is also imperative to analyze the external market based on PESTEL analysis to identify factors likely to i nfluence the business. This is done with the intention of making the most appropriate decision required for the success of the business. It is fundamental to our business to determine where or in what specific segment and geographic location our business will be conducted. In this context we defined the babies’ accessories segment and Utah State as a part of our Arenas. With some four million babies born in the U.S. every year (Baby Center Website), the babies’ products market seems a very promoting market to start our business at. Our medicine dispenser puts us in the baby care accessories segment. Statistics show that the global sales in this segment will sum-up a total of 66.8 billion dollars by the end of 2017 (See supporting figure no.5 in appendix). Consequently, it will be easier for us to reach one million dollars as revenue in our first year in business (knowing that our initial investment was

Is ethics profitable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is ethics profitable - Essay Example The constantly changing competitive environments in the business world forces businesses to find new methods to counter the competition as opposed to the so-called traditional ways. These traditional methods included better products, more services, or lower prices. In the contemporary world, business firms are responding to these competition challenges by introducing partnerships and more mutual relationships with their customers and other stakeholders in the business. In the last years, there have been discussions regarding ethics practices in business firms. The general assumption of this subject is that firms need to do what is morally right for their customers as well as their employees. However, the common practice in the business field is that of unethical and illegal activities. Most organizations are yet to understand or realize the financial impact of high ethical standards in business firms (Heskett et al. 34). According to most businesses in the present world, ethical practices impose an unnecessary financial constraint. Tax evasion and underpaid personnel comprise unethical but, nonetheless, appealing practices. From this perspective, it seems that profits and ethics have an inverse relationship. Managers and directors of businesses assume that ethical practices and programs are very expensive activities. This means that ethical practices have no positive impacts on the profitability of business firms. In this case, this ideology suggests ethics as not being profitable to a business organization. It seems that companies with ethical practices record low or constant profits, and hence, most managers still rely on the traditional modes of improving profit levels of an organization. On a more positive aspect, ethics improves the profit levels of a business firm through various ways. Examples from the business field indicate that there is a positive correlation between a firm’s activit ies, ethical behaviors, and the firm’s bottom line outcomes. The reputation of a business in terms of ethical business activities can be a major source of competitive advantage in the business segment. The most important ways in which ethics contributes towards profitability of a company is through the minimization of the cost of business transactions, construction of a foundation of trust with stakeholders, and maintenance of social capital. More so, high standards of a firm’s ethics contribute towards an internal environment of successful teamwork amongst employees which, in turn, impact the profit levels. According to various studies, companies viewed as ethical by company stakeholders, for instance, employees, public, customers, and suppliers, enjoy several competitive advantages. These competitive advantages in the business community include higher levels of commitment, higher levels of efficiency in operations, and increased levels of

Factors That Determine the Success of Supermarkets

Factors That Determine the Success of Supermarkets 4.1 The general factors that determines the success of supermarkets Supermarkets are using all kinds of tricks to attract customers from introducing to new offers to give them loyalty discount. Supermarkets are providing all kind of incentives to customers. And starts of online shopping of grocery service by Supermarkets have created more convenience for the consumers to order their groceries from the comfort of their home. Here the author is discussing the success factors of the Supermarkets. 4.1.1 Range of choice The Supermarkets sells range of products. Consumers have wide variety of choice to select the product they want. It is important for the supermarkets to keep all the products in stock otherwise consumers will move to other supermarket or retailers. Consumers are very sensitive on what they buying. They always like that the supermarket they shop should keep the products in stock all the time. Supermarkets always monitor the consumer buying trend and always keep the certain products in stock all the time. It is also important that supermarkets should keep all the products in stock at all their stores. Now supermarkets even sells the ethnic foods like, Indian, African to attract ethnic customers. 4.1.2 Products must be on shelves Products should be on stock is important but what more important is to they must be on shelves. All the products must be properly displayed and the product mix must be adequate so it becomes easy for the consumers to choose the products. Supermarkets monitors what consumer buys most with the particular product or what he/she would like to buy with that product and then they display those products in the store next to each other. It makes easy for the consumers to choose products easily. It is also been seen that Supermarkets always display basic necessity products like Milk, Bread etc. in the last corner of the store so consumers have to reach there by passing and looking at all other products which attracts them and persuade to buy. 4.1.3 Effective Marketing Supermarkets use all sorts of marketing strategy to attract the customers. Their adverts are more customer centric which they like attract. For e.g., Asda attracts customers with the slogan Always low price. Tesco slogan is Every little helps as they wants to attract a large economical consumer group which cannot afford premium supermarkets like Waitrose and John Lewis. Marks Spenser (MS) and Waitrose attract the premium customers and also create their own brand values. Sainsburys and Morrisons attract a medium range customer who wants quality food at competitive range. Sainsburys slogan is Try something new today while Morrisons message is Better than half price at Morrisons, Great savings on big brands at Morrisons. This is the reason Marks Spenser slogan for the food range is This is not just food, it is MS food and same way Waitrose slogan is everyone deserves quality food. However, supermarkets try to focuses the consumer group they like to attract. 4.1.4 Pricing Strategy Price is the major factor which influence to consumers to switch to other supermarkets or retailer. Supermarkets compete with each other to sell the products at the best rate to the consumers. Tesco and Asda is the biggest competitor in the economical consumer range. They are trying to sell the products to best price to retail the customer loyalty to supermarket. Many supermarkets offers price comparison on their website so the consumers can see how much they have saved on their shopping. Most supermarkets also show the competitors price next to products in their shelves in order to make it easy for the consumers to compare. It is the biggest success factor of the Supermarkets. 4.3 Tescos Success During the Recession A Case Study Tesco has presence in 14 countries and have 4300 stores across the globe. It has declared 10% increase in its profit to  £3.5bn. According to Sir Terry Leahy, a Chief Executive of Tesco, Tesco is stronger than it was before recession. It now accounts for more than  £3 out of every  £10 spent on food by British shoppers, while its non-food sales, (clothing, home wares) have topped  £10bn. (Guardian, 2010) Tescos belief is to look after the customers. It also believes that if we sell more we can get better buying terms and those results in to lower price and higher profit margins. Lower prices can bring large sales volume and the cycle continues. Its rewarding Club card is another mile stone in success of Tesco. Tesco has succeeded in making itself largely classless, with price ranges designed to cater across the board. (Guardian, 2010) According to Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, during the recession when customers everywhere are feeling the economic strain, Tesco is responding to their changing needs by lowering prices, introducing more affordable products and offering even sharper promotions. (Tesco PLC, 2009) Here the author has discussed the success factors in detail. 4.3.1 Lower Price During the economic downturn consumers tends to limit on their spending and looking for the cheap bargain products. Tesco has large consumer group. It is easy for them to buy large quantity to meet the demand in order to meet the consumer requirement at a lower price. So they can offer the products at a lower price to customers. Consumer can also compare the price of the products they buying to make it easy for the consumer to select the products. 4.3.2 Affordable Products Tesco sells various brands products. During the recession, consumer looking for the more economical solution to of those of the branded products. Tesco grab the opportunity and offered its own brand product which are same in the quality but at a cheap price. It bagged huge success for the Tesco. Now Tesco sells all ranges of its own brand from packed food to toiletries. 4.3.3 Promotions Offers In the recession, consumers looking for better promotions and offers to save money. There would be always various attractive offers in the Tesco stores for consumers. In order to maintain the customer loyalty Tesco tries to sell the products at the same prices or lower than its rivals. 4.3.4 Clubcard Tescos one of the biggest success factors is its award winning Clubcard loyalty scheme. Clubcard gives rewards to regular customers at the regular interval. Dunnhumby, Tesco co-own research group, analyses the shopping habits of its 16 million cardholders. (Guardian, 2010) Tesco knows more about its shoppers than any of its rivals and can tailor offers to customers. The analysis helps to analyse the consumer regular buying habit and make it easy for the Tesco to locate it easily for the consumers. 4.4 Effects of Recession on Supermarket Industry 4.4.1 Secondary Research It seems that relatively Supermarket industry to beunaffected by the recession. Companies such as Tesco, Sainsburys, Morrisons and Lidl are still experiencing growth. Research has shown that Tescos turnover increased from  £47.3 billion in 2008 to  £54.3 billion in 2009 (Tesco PLC, 2009) while Lidl ltd. (2009), has experienced a 93% increase in turnover from 2005 to 2009. It was been expected from Lidl, as it is a heavy branded discounter. During times of recession market leaders tend to loose customers to the hard discounters who consumers choose during a recession (Mattioli, 2009). According to TNS Global World Panel, Sainsburys market share increased to 16.1% in 2009 compared to 15.8% in 2008 and Morrisons was also up and holds 11.6% market share in 2009. While Asda has shown slight growth and had 16.8% market shares in 2009. At the same time Tesco has lose 0.1% in market share but it still counts 30.8% market share in the industry in 2009. (BBC, 2009) All the supermarkets are battling to retain the consumers loyalty. They are trying to attract them with their budget range of products. In the contrary the local shops have suffered a lot. Because people believe that shopping at local shop would be expensive. In the 2009, Local shop sells was  £550mn which was  £50mn less than 2008. According to Dean Best, analyst at just-food.com, local stores can survive if they emphasise the service and the product knowledge that people feel they cant find in the big four supermarkets. (BBC, 2009) 4.4.2 Primary Research To explore the effect of recession Supermarket Industry, the author has done a primary research to find out the consumer behaviour during the recession in order to find out the habit and patterns of the consumers. Author has also tried to find out the impact of VAT increase on the consumer buying behaviour. 4.4.1 Questionnaire Research (Appendices 1) The questionnaire has 15 questions. There were 34 participants. While asking about their annual income only 88% participants were ready to give information while 12% participants didnt want to give that information. Those who gave their income details, 53% salary ranges  £10000- £19999, 30% ranges  £0- £9999, 10% ranges from  £20000- £29999 and only 7% participants salary was  £40,000+. There were 71% male participants and 29% female participants. Q.3 Gender Question 4 and 5 asked about impact of increase in VAT on buying behaviour. We received some interesting results (see figure 4.2). Out of 34 participants 71% responded that it will affect their buying behaviour while 29% says that it will have no effect as the increase would be very nominal and not noticeable. As we can see from the figure 4.2, 35% participants saying that the increase in VAT will badly affect their daily shopping. As they have to do large shopping and overall house budget will increase and savings will be decreased. Some respondents says that they will have to be careful on what they spending now as smaller purchases are not noticeable but they really impact on the household budget. 47% respondents are saying that effect of increase in VAT would be little as the increase is just 2.5% and the price increase would be few pence. And with surprise, 18% respondents are saying that it will not affect at all. Question 6 and 7 asked about the money spend on groceries and non groceries each week in UK pounds. The author has received very mixed responses. 29% of participants were spending  £15- £29 on groceries while 18% spending less than  £15 and another 18% says they spend only  £30- £40 on groceries. In non groceries 41% participants were spending less than while another 24% and 18% spending only  £15-29 and  £30- £44 respectively. This data shows that the participants are spending more money on groceries compare to non grocery product in the recession. While asking them about this difference they replied that groceries are basic needs, demand will be the same whether there is recession or not (however this type of demand may change qualitatively). However the non groceries items can be controlled by them during the recession while prices are rising. Q.6 About how much do you spend on groceries each week? Q.5 About how much do you spend on non groceries each week? Question 8 there are some actions given which normally people do in recession. They are to control spending (stop using services/products, buy less), replace only when needed (or buy smaller packages), do it yourself (homemade food, prepare/organise/make by yourself), shop smarter (buy when promotions and discounts available), seek value for money (comparing prices, search for lower ones). While asking the participants to pick 1 or 2, highest pick the seek value for money (24%), 23% responded that they will shop smarter, 21% said that they will control spending. Only 16% said they will replace when needed and do by themselves like, preparing food at home rather than getting from outside. This shows that there is an effect of recession on participants that is why they are comparing prices, search for lower ones, buy when promotions and discounts available during shopping. However they had few responses on controlling spending like stop using services/products, buy less, use homemade f ood, prepare/organise/ make by themselves. While asking the reasons they replied that the main reason is regular fixed income. They all are working fulltime or part time, retired participants have their pension income. This shows that the retail stores have to change their marketing style they should get the trust or make the customer believe that they are saving money while shopping in that store. For example many of supermarket also make place of emphasis on providing value for money. Supermarkets have focused on these consumers and created a lot of special offer to attract them during recession. And the result is supermarkets have done better during the recession than other retail industries. Q.8 In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Opinion Percentage control spending (for example: stop using services/products, buy less) 21% replace only when needed (or buy smaller packages) 16% do-it-yourself (for example: home-made food, prepare/organise/make by yourself) 16% shop smarter (for example: buy when promotions and discounts available) 23% seek value for money(for example: comparing prices, search for lower ones) 24% Table 4.4: In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Figure 4.5: In terms of the recession what do you prefer to do? Question 9 asked respondents to quantify the factors which made them shop. There were choices like important or unimportant, exciting or unexciting, interesting or boring and fun or nor fun. Finding suggests that for grocery shopping is important but its not very exciting, interesting or fun because it is regular basis shopping. However for non grocery items for example electric goods it is not regular shopping so it is more important, exciting, interesting and more fun. Obviously this small sample suggests that non grocery retailing lot benefit making their product proposition very exciting. The author would also suggest that the same has been and can be applied to grocery retailing. Q.9 Shopping for you is Question 10 asked respondents there is a list of factors which are important for the people while deciding where to do their weekly grocery shopping. The finding shows 44% of participants have given more importance to Low Price. Second factor which got high importance (78%) is accessed example On Public Transport Route. 44% of participants have given importance to Promotion and Special Offers, 67% to availability of Cash Machine and 50% to Customer Service/Friendly and helpful staff. However the research shows that 25% of participants gave more importance to High Quality while 29% has given a little importance to the High Quality. On the other hand the research revealed that 75% of participants give no importance to Store Loyalty Cards and Schemes. 100% participants give no importance to Online Ordering or Delivery Schemes or Large selection of Organic Goods in respect of grocery shopping. They said that because of the recession period they are giving more priority to low price products and services, and Promotional offers. Lots of people are travelling by public transport to save money and time that is why they give more importan ce on Public Transport Route. Highest Quality comes with high price so in this recession few participants give priority to it. When one looks at results, ranking of respondents does it mean the price is now order winner and quality is becoming a more qualifier (a given). Q.10 What is important for you while deciding where to do your weekly grocery shopping? Question 11 and 12 asked respondents which grocery and non grocery chain they usually use (See appendix 1). The study revealed that more participants are using economical supermarket chain like Aldi, Asda, Tesco, Morrisons, Iceland, Co-operative Group and Sainsbury. While very few participants are using Mark and Spencer, Waitrose in their regular shopping. However in non grocery shopping participants express that they use Argos, Asda and Currys most because of their good promotions and offers. While they use very little other chains like PC World, Staples, Comet, etc. For grocery chains Aldi is obviously the super discounter where as Tesco cannot be classified as such. And the Co operative Group generally has high price compare to other main chains. Our result of the number is the stores in the area. Or it is genuinely due to economics. For non grocery chains this is little bit more obvious; Currys and Argos are definitely non grocery whereas Asda is a grocery store our 23% who shops for non grocery products at Asda; simply buying Asda brand products example George. Q.11 Which grocery chain do you usually use? Q.12 Which non-grocery chain do you usually use? In question 13 the author has asked to express the participants views in relation to the supermarket they spend most. After getting their views it reveals that there should be more special deals in the local grocery stores, they think most supermarkets are same, they want to maximise their return on their spending by getting the best quality at the low price, they are not convince by the supermarket status, they have a lower belief that supermarkets are reliable in the delivery of product and service. However they have trust in their supermarket, they also have concern that the supermarket are concerns for the customer being well, they do not believe that they have relationship with supermarket, they would go to the more than one supermarket rather than sticking to one, they are happy with the customer service provided by the supermarket and they want that supermarket should make more efforts to getting to know their customers that what they like or dislikes. There are some important issues which arise from data. Nine of the respondents agree or strongly agree they are not interested in bargain seeking however the stores selected in Question 11 were bargain stores example Aldi, Tesco. Another contradiction to in the above is that 5 out of 9 respondents agreed or strongly agreed that it was important to keep up special deals at grocery stores because consumers wants to get more from their spending. All respondents indicated that they always try to maximise quality for the money spend. This seems to correlate with response given about the importance of quality in Question 10. Perhaps the most impressive agreement was in the survey was that participants did not perceive that supermarket did not make any effort for what they like. On positive side of supermarket is that most of the participants trust the supermarket they shop at, believe it would not trick them and its reliable for deliver goods and services. Q.13 Please indicate your agreement or disagreement with the following statements in the relation to the supermarket you spend most. Statements Strongly agree Agree neither nor disagree Strongly disagree I have little or no grocery shopping 4 3 7 11 9 Im not interested in bargain seeking 4 5 4 16 5 Its important for me to keep up with special deals being offered by the grocery stores in my area 3 18 6 7    Most of the supermarkets are all alike 4 18 3 7 2 While purchasing the product I always try to maximise the quality I get for the money I spend 8 18 5 2 1 When people see me purchasing from this store they form an opinion of me 2 4 18 9 1 The supermarket is reliable in the delivery of product and service 1 21 8 3 1 The supermarket in which I shop wont trick me 4 14 11 3 2 I feel the supermarket is concerned about its customers being well 3 10 14 6 1 I trust the supermarket, I shop at 2 17 13 2    I would recommend the supermarket to others 3 16 10 4 1 I am loyal to the supermarket 3 9 13 7 2 I have relationship with the supermarket 2 4 16 9 2 Id prefer to go to the only one supermarket for my shopping 4 5 7 14 4 Store loyalty cards are not worth having. The supermarket just wants us to think more positive about it 3 10 12 6 3 Being satisfied with the supermarket makes me loyal to it 3 15 11 4 1 The loyalty card makes me to repurchase at the same store 1 8 10 12 3 Im satisfied with the way the supermarket informs me about its products/services 3 8 18 4    Im satisfied with customer service at the supermarket 2 14 11 5 2 Id love the supermarket to make more efforts in getting to know what I like and dislike 7 16 7 3 1 Table 4.10: The supermarket you spend most In Question 12 participants asked to give their opinions that which promotions appeal them most. It shows that promotion from Asda and Tesco appeals them most. They are also attracted to promotions of Morrisons, Aldi, Marks Spencer and Sainsburys. But the promotion from the Waitrose and Lidl has less impact on them. They shop at Tesco, they like Tesco, this seems it appears to be fertile ground for super discounters like Aldi. Q.14 Which promotions mostly appeals to you? Promotions Percentage Only 1 pound each! Half price! Earn nectar points too. Sainsburys. Try something new today. 15% All the ingredients for a great picnic. (Well even supply a free rug or cool bag.) Waitrose. Everyone deserves quality food. 6% Better than half price at Morrisons. Great savings on big brands at Morrisons. Price crunch. Save 4.5pounds! 10% Tesco. Every little helps. Half price. 99p each. Its more rewarding with Clubcard 25% Wider choice. Lower price. ASDA. Saving you money every day. 22% Lidl. Seriously cheaper! Available in-store now. Sensational Deal! Incredible Offer! 5% The big deal. Aldis biggest summer deals. On sale 30th July. Aldi. Spend a little Live a lot. Hurry, once theyre gone, theyre gone. 9% Offer ends Sunday. Dine in for two  £10. Summer menu now being served. Yours MS. Quality worth every penny 9% Table 4.11: Which promotions mostly appeals to you? Figure 4.9: Which promotions mostly appeals to you? 4.4 Summary In this chapter has explored how Supermarkets got success during the recession with their strategy. Supermarkets have given a great lesson to other retail industry how to survive during the recession. Supermarkets havent just survived but they have outperformed. In the next chapter author will give conclusion and recommendation how other retail industry can survive during the recession like Supermarkets. Words: 2879 Finch, J. (2010), Tesco beats the recession to unveil record profits again, Guardian, [Online] Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/25/tesco-record-profits-terry-leahy (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Tesco Plc (2009), TESCO: Growth in Tough Times, [Online] Available from: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/pres_results/results/r2009/2009-04-21/2009-04-21.pdf (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Farnham, J. (2009), Recession bites into eating habits, [Online], Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8124352.stm (Accessed on: 16th January 2011) Lidl ltd (2009) Company Report Mattioli, D. (2009) In Recession Specials, Small Firms Revise Pricing Discounts and Lower-End Offerings Help Lure Cash-Strapped Customers; Vans Complement Limo Services Town Cars Wall Street Journal, Jun 9, 2009: B.5 Tesco PLC (2009) Company Report

How Much is Too Much? Essay example -- Internet Computers Technology E

How Much is Too Much? In the past decade, technology quality and efficiency has increased by leaps and bounds. Simultaneously, as the grade of technology and its accessibility for the general public rise, its cost decreases, making such options as home computers and computers in the classroom a more viable option for many families and schools, respectively. While there are obvious benefits of technology as a learning tool for our children, there are many downfalls as well. This paper hopes to better explain some of the positives, such as fast word processing, Internet information searches and computer reference databases such as encyclopedias and contrast them with some of the negative effects including online predators, child-inappropriate Internet content and the seeming decline of more traditional forms of indoor/outdoor games and child play. Because when it comes down to the mental and physical health of our nation’s children versus all this technology, how much is too much? For the purpose of this paper, the focus will be more upon the youth of the United States, as approximately only 5-7% of the world’s children have access to the Internet. â€Å"Defined as a ‘decentralized, self-maintaining series of links between computer networks’,† was originally intended to be a means of connection for the intra-departmental computers of the United States Defense Department in the 1950’s, but the mainstream mass media was quick to adapt and adopt it for general public use. This public embrace of technology was and has remained most profound in the U.S., who leads the pack in Internet use, followed closely by Sweden and Australia. Naturally with the quickness with which the Internet took off, it should be no astonishing fea... ... 1 Feb. 2005. 2. â€Å"Danger Online! Educating Kids and Parents About Internet Safety.† Education World. Aug. 2003. 30 Jan. 2005. 3. The Future of Children. Jan. 2001. Purdue University and The Brookings Institution. 28 Jan. 2005. 4. â€Å"Technology in Early Childhood Education: Finding the Balance.† NW Regional Educational Laboratory. 19 Sept. 2001. NW Regional Educational Laboratory. 28 Jan. 2005. 5. â€Å"Too Much Technology, Too Little Play– The Rise of Technology and Demise of Play in Preschool Education.† APA Online. 10 Aug. 2003. American Psychological Association. 30 Jan. 2005.

Discuss Issues of Equality

â€Å"Entitlement, equality, inclusivity, diversity and differentiation. Basically, all of these are about acknowledging and respecting the individual needs of your learners, helping and supporting where appropriate. † (Gravells, A, 2008). Before any discussion it is essential for everyone to understand the terms Equality and Diversity. â€Å"Diversity is defined as valuing the differences in people whether they stem from race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. Equality is offering each person equal rights and opportunities despite any differences†. Gravells, A, 2008). So Equality is about the rights of learners to attend and participate regardless of their gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, disability, sexual orientation or age. And Diversity is about valuing the differences that people have and appreciating their individual characteristics. Above all it is important as a teacher, keeping equality and diversity in mind, to find ways to promot e inclusion of all learners, yet through differentiation by using difference approaches and resources, to finds ways to meet the needs of individuals within the group. Differentiation is one of the tools that teachers can use to promote equality and diversity. It is the accommodation of differences between learners to allow each individual the best chance of learning. † (Petty, 2004). This is could be done by adapting teaching styles or resources so that all learners receive equal opportunities. Referring back to the teacher / training cycle, preparation and planning will enable us to best promote inclusion for all learners, and enable us to access other points of referral if necessary.During the planning process, all learners should have an initial assessment for suitability and to diagnose strengths and weaknesses. The need to potentially access other points of referral could appropriately be picked up in this initial assessment. Learners will be diverse on the basis of many different backgrounds and needs. These may include learning needs such as dyslexia, dyspraxia, Asperger’s syndrome, socio economic status, health – both mental and physical, age, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religious beliefs and size to name but a few.Differentiation will enable the teacher to meet the needs of these individuals yet value their diversity. The main ways to differentiate are by Task, Outcome, Resource and Support. Different tasks can be set for different people but with the same aim in mind allowing for their different needs and diversity. The same task can be set but a different outcome is expected from individual learners. Different resources and different support can be provided for learners allowing for the individual needs of the whole class to be met.Group work and buddying up can be used so that peers can support one another. Students with a learning disability will benefit from a scaffold to their work and the environment can be adapted to hel p, by for example integrating learning support into classes. There may be a point at which it is assessed that a learner’s needs cannot be met adequately within the specific learning environment due to some of the above diversities. Here, it is appropriate to refer the learner so that their needs can be met.College counsellors, welfare officers and connexions advisors may be appropriate where it is deemed that the learner’s needs are not being met. To conclude my discussion, I will follow the words of Malcolm Knowles. ‘As a learning organisation there is a need to understand the needs of our students. The major problems of our age deal with human relations; the solutions can only be found in education. Skill in human relations is a skill that must be learned: it is learned in the home, in the school, in the church, on the job and wherever people gather together in small groups’. (Malcolm Knowles, 1950,:13)

The Renaissance and Moliere

The French word â€Å"renaissance† is equivalent to â€Å"rebirth† in English. The time period named for this term was indeed a rebirth of the creativity and human spirit lost with the classical age. Most importantly, the Renaissance was a revival of an interest to learn. In many ways, it is the opposite of the preceding Middle Ages. Their world revolved around the Roman Catholic Church; belief in god dictated every aspect of life. On the contrary, the Renaissance was secular and emphasized the predominance of individuality and human values, known as humanism.However GUID or dark the Middle Ages may seem, they were essential for setting the stage for the Renaissance. In 1095, Pope Urban II launched what he called a â€Å"holy war. † This war, issued to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims, occurred from 1095 to 1099 and became known as the First Crusade. The Second Crusade began in 1144 with hopes of recapturing the City of Odessa, and it ended in 11 49 without having accomplished what it was intended for. The third and final crusade (1189-1192) was organized to take Jerusalem back from the Muslim leader, Salad, also failing to accomplish its original goal.However, there is a reason the Crusades are recognized as â€Å"history most successful failure – † The impacts of these religious wars were as influential as it gets. Women had opportunities to manage affairs with the men away at war. The ships that transported crusaders were used by merchants to bring back goods such as tea, coffee, sugar, spices, crops, and silk. Europeans saw these as exotic, which stimulated an interest in trade, especially between Europe and Southwest Asia. This increased trade was one of the most prominent attributes of the High Middle Ages.It was also vital for paving the way for the Renaissance. With expanding trade came prosperity for Europe, specifically Italy, along with new trading cities. The fast growth of such business is labeled as the Commercial Revolution. The revolution enabled European towns to grow, and guilds (worker unions) to develop. When serfs recognized opportunity in trade, they abandoned their lords, and a middle class developed. Together, these factors broke down Feudalism The surge of trade and commerce in the High Middle Ages led to a widespread increase in knowledge.Literature became more accessible, and was written in vernacular – native language, as opposed to Latin. This made it so that a wider variety of people could become literate. Before, only the wealthy could read and write. Universities were established, and the curriculum covered arithmetic, grammar, music, and drama. The High Middle Ages was the peak of the Medieval Era. However, the late Middle Ages seemed to be comprised of disaster and turmoil. Pope Boniface VIII and King Phillip IV of France collided, leading to the Great Schism.By the time this split in the church ceased with the election of Martin V in 1417, the pap acy had already been greatly weakened. The bubonic plague hit Europe hard, leading to the death of 25 lion of its people. The prayers of the Church failed to stop the plague, which further lowered its prestige. The Black Death ripped apart the fabric of society. However grim the Plague was, it certainly lent itself to the development of the Renaissance. The late Middle Ages were a terrifying time to be alive, and the survivors wanted to celebrate human spirit and individuality.This newfound outlook on life led to a surge in the arts that lasted from about 1300 to 1600 – the Renaissance. The people of Italy originally hoped to reawaken the culture of Classical Rome and Greece, however in the process they discovered new styles of art and iterate, along with new values such as humanism. This time period originated in Italy due to its prosperous cities and merchant class, but soon the rest of Europe was under its influence. Merchants saw the best opportunities lay in the field of the arts, and they soon flourished. The arts also became less secular, drama in particular.Religious plays saw their demise when interludes led to the rebirth of theater. Moldier dean Baptists Opaquely) was a French playwright, actor, and director. Born on January 15 1622, he dedicated himself entirely to the theater until his tragic death in 1673. He composed 12 of the most lasting comedies in history, and rose to fame with the publication of his first play, The Precious Maidens Ridiculed (1659). He was known as the most popular comic playwright of his time. His comedy was secular, and the clergy even believed that some of his plays were intended as attacks at the church.They went so far as to ban one of his works. The last of his pieces was The Imaginary Invalid (1673), which he wrote while ill from a lung condition. After the fourth performance of this play, Moldier collapsed on stage, coughing up blood, while playing the lead role, Organ, and died later that day. As in much of Molder's work, The Imaginary Invalid (Lee Malady imaginary) showcases a good amount of Comedic delegate themes and techniques, such as stock characters – the three most pronounced of these figures were the servant, master, and inamorata (lovers).The play is a satire of the medical field, as the lead, Organ, is a classic hypochondriac. His daughter Angelical is an Inamorata (a lover), her partner being the man she wishes to marry. Organ has plans for her to marry a doctor, seeing as he's â€Å"ill† and a doctor in the family would benefit himself. Their maid Continent is the equivalent of a Comedic servant. The Imaginary Invalid showcases certain ideals of the Renaissance, such as the importance of each individual, and that the greatest part of being human is the humans free will to choose.Angelical comes to her father expecting to have his blessing in her marrying the man of her dreams. Organ seems to be more than willing to consent, even satisfied with what he has hea rd of the man, until they gather that they are not talking about the same person. Before the Renaissance, there was no compromise – the only word that mattered was the father's. The plays controversial comedy also reflected values of the Renaissance. It as a source of entertainment produced for people's enjoyment regardless of the Church's disapproval.While contrasting to the celebrated Renaissance, the Middle Ages were essential for setting the stage for the remarkable era. The Renaissance remains an impressive time period, considering the immense growth of human knowledge and achievements. The arts held a position of utmost importance, and they allowed people to express themselves in many ways. This feeds directly into the number one new value of the time: humanism. Without the arts, there would have been no Renaissance, and in turn, life today would be strikingly different. Works Cited Beck, Roger B.

The Communist Manifesto essays

The Communist Manifesto essays The Communist Manifesto is a book that was written by Karl Marx, and Frederick Engels, in 1847. This book was a collection of theories, compounded by these two men. Their work outlined the basis for a society, based on collectivism and equality. These ideals, and theories flourished into those of the Bolshevik revolution, and into those ideals of the communist leaders, i.e. Vladimir Lenin, and Josef Stalin. These mens work, in theory, to some, were amazing ideas. However, in works, these plans were the opening to a very poor economic, and sadly collective society. Karl Heinrich Marx, born on May 5, 1818, a German economist, philosopher, and revolutionist in the rough. Marx held a doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Berlin. Marxs theory, joined with a mans, by the name of Ludwig Feuerbach, who believed that religious people developed the theory of a God by themselves, to be ruled under it, and under a government; he also proposed that religion is the basis of classes, and separation. Marx took these theories and developed them into the context of private property. He concluded that if man werent allowed private property, he would, in effect, do everything for the bettering of the species, and the species would flourish, technologically, economically, in life itself. In 1947, Karl Marx, and Frederick Engels compiled their philosophies into a book called The Communist Manifesto, for a London Organization. These collective philosophies were what would later be established in the Soviet Union by Vladimir Lenin, and the corrupt, Josef S talin. Vladimir Lenin was a very influential in the Bolshevik Revolution. He was the leader of this group, promoting socialism for the country; in a long term, positive manner. His fight for the middle class, against the Mensheviks, against the rights, and evils of private ownership went underway in February of 1917. With the end of...

Market Research Apple

Market Research Apple Introduction Findings and discussion Apple Incorporation has over the past few years appreciated the importance of market research. One of the factors that have led to this transformation is the intensity of competition within the PC and mobile device industry. In 2011, Apple Incorporation enjoyed a substantial market share within the iPads segment (Vascellaro, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research Apple specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this period, iPads were new product in the market. Moreover, competition within this market segment was relatively low. However, this trend has changed significantly. More investors have ventured into the industry in an effort to exploit the growing market opportunity. Currently, Apple’s competitors are increasingly investing in research and development in an effort to gain a substantial market share. The firm faces intense competition from Google Nexus 7 and Microsoft Surface which has led to a decline in Apple’s market share with regard to tablets from 81% to 52%. The high rate at which firm in the PC and mobile device industry are investing in research and development has motivated Apple to continuously develop its products in order to ensure that they are aligned to customers’ tastes and preferences. According to Tassi (2012), market research plays a significant role in developing a company’s competitive strength. Before introducing the new iPad Mini, Apple conducted a market research. The market research was aimed at gathering market information on two main variables, which include the consumer and the competitor. Findings of the market research revealed that the firm’s competitors are increasingly courting their customers in order to determine their next big move. Consequently, Apple will be forced to start courting its customers in order to gain valuable market information (Vascellaro, 2012). The research revealed that there is a high market opportunity for the firm’s products. This is mainly so in emerging markets such as China (Vascellaro, 2012). Chinese customers are amongst the greatest enthusiasts of smart phones. According to Brian White, the smaller iPad will present a substantial growth opportunity for Apple compared to the current iPad. However, the firm will be required to ensure that the product features developed appeal the target customers. Vascellaro (2012) asserts that customers in both developed and developing economies are increasingly being appealed by new smart phone and tablet features.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By analyzing its customer’s feedback, Apple Incorporation revealed that customers increasingly prefer smaller devices for convenience. This is one of the issues that the firm will take into consideration in th e process of designing the iPad Mini. The firm will ensure that the screen of the iPad is approximately 7 to 8 inches long (AppleInsider, 2012). In addition to new features, the likelihood of iPad Mini succeeding upon its introduction in emerging markets such as China is also enhanced by the fact that customers have developed a high level of trust towards Apple’s brand due to its unique design. A study conducted by the firm in seven countries on reasons that motivate customers to select their specific stores in their purchasing process revealed that most customers prefer Apple due to the high level of trust associated with the firm’s products. Fifty four (54%) of the customers interviewed in China and US cited ‘trust Apple brand’ as their core reason for purchasing Apple’s products. On the other hand, 67% of customers interviewed in China cited the products’ design and physical features are their main motivation towards Apple’s product s. This presents a unique market opportunity for Apple to exploit in the course of developing the iPad mini. Adherence to customers’ needs and wants will increase the likelihood of the product gaining sufficient market acceptance upon its introduction Vascellaro (2012). From the market research conducted, Apple Incorporation identified the education sector as one of the new market segment for its iPad Mini. According to Brian White, a renowned market research analyst, there is high probability of iPad Mini succeeding within the education sector. This arises from the fact that educational institutions are increasingly encouraging students to use technology in their learning process. In the course of designing the iPad Mini, Apple appreciates the need to exploit this opportunity. Consequently, the firm will integrate the element of portability. This will play a significant role in increasing the rate of iPad Mini utilization by students. Moreover, the convenience nature of the iPad Mini will stimulate iPad owners in developed economies to purchase the second and smaller model (Hughes, 2012). This will be made possible by the fact that the firm will integrate iCloud technology which will enable iPad users to swap between regular sized iPad and the iPad Mini.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research Apple specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the course of introducing the iPad Mini, Apple’s management team intends to set the price of the product at $ 300 which is relatively high according to most customers (Oliver, 2012). However, the firm projects that the product will gain sufficient market acceptance. This will arise from the fact that the new product features will successfully lure customers to purchase the product. In summary, findings of the market research reveal that there is a high probability of the iPad Mini succeeding upon its introduction in the market. Firstly, the new product features will appeal a large number of potential customers and existing customers in the developed and emerging economies. Additionally, the unique design and usability of the iPad Mini will increase its utilization amongst new customer categories. By ensuring that the new iPad is effectively designed and developed, Apple Incorporation will be able to gain substantial market share within the PC and mobile device industry that has become very competitive. Reference List AppleInsider: Bloomberg, smaller iPad to launch by year’s end. (2012). Retrieved from http://appleinsider.com/articles/12/07/03/bloomberg_smaller_ipad_to_launch_by_years_end.html Hughes, N. (2012). iPad Mini may give Apple larger market opportunity than current  iPad. Retrieved from http://appleinsider.com/articles/12/07/05/ipad_mini_may_give_apple_larger_market_opportunity_than_current_ipad Oliver, S. (2012). Apple telling suppliers to prep for mass production of smaller iPad. Retrieved from htt p://appleinsider.com/articles/12/07/04/apple_telling_suppliers_to_prep_for_mass_production_of_smaller_ipad___wsj.html Tassi, V. (2012). iPad Mini proves major for apple shares. Retrieved from forbes.com/sites/richardsaintvilus/2012/11/23/ipad-mini-proves-major-for-apple-shares/Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vascellaro, J. (2012). Turns out Apple conducts market research after all. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/07/26/turns-out-apple-conducts-market-research-after-all/

Spelling and Pronunciation

Spelling and Pronunciation Spelling and Pronunciation Spelling and Pronunciation By Maeve Maddox Posts on the topic of pronunciation usually provoke a lot of attention, often drawing heated defenses of one pronunciation over another and suggesting that only one can ever be â€Å"correct.† In fact, â€Å"correct† pronunciation differs from century to century and from region to region. Words are affected by pronunciation changes of two kinds: 1. Changes that have taken centuries to develop, the kind that have transformed Old English into the English spoken today. 2. Changes that began as a deliberate alteration of the established pronunciation for some purpose or other. According to Ida A. Ward (The Phonetics of English), the latter type of change arises through some person who deliberately adopts a new pronunciation because he thinks it better; it is an affectation on his part. At first it is probably regarded as a false refinement by those who do not use it, but gradually by frequent repetition, the new pronunciation spreads, and a succeeding generation acquires it as its natural pronunciation. This type of deliberate change probably dates from the 16th- 18th centuries when scholars busied themselves with the â€Å"refinement† of English spelling to make it reflect Latin or Greek origins. One change was to introduce an extra consonant sound into words that did not have them. For example, our word perfect entered English from Norman French as parfet or parfit, as in Chaucer’s â€Å"He was a veray parfit gentil knight.† The modern form perfect acquired its c to show the derivation from Latin perfectio. The English pronunciation eventually changed to reflect the /k/ sound represented by the c. The same thing happened to Norman French verdit when the spelling was changed to verdict. On the other hand, Norman French endite, spelled indict in modern English, is still pronounced without a k sound in spite of the c: /in-DITE/. The word victual, pronounced vittle by many speakers, is another holdout against spelling pronunciation. The consonant d was added to the word aventure to produce modern adventure. In 1701, an observer listed several words that were spelled with d’s and t’s that were not pronounced in speech at that time: of(t)en Chris(t)mas cos(t)ly ghos(t)ly mos(t)ly roas(t) beef husban(d) pagean(t) We(d) nesday wris(t)band Wil(t)shire frien(d) ly han(d)maid fon(d)le can(d)le han(d)le chil(d)ren Modern speakers pronounce the d or t in most of these words, but not in all. The pronunciation of at least two of the words- often and Wednesday- is hotly contested in comment columns on sites such as this one. So far, native speakers don’t try to pronounce the t in castle or listen, but some preachers have been heard to insert it into apostle and epistle. Speakers who become really put out with people who pronounce the l in palm, calm, and almond, probably think nothing of pronouncing the l in fault, falter, vault, Walter, falcon, almanac and cauldron- all words that had the l inserted after they’d been adopted into English without it. Spelling pronunciations that are well established in the language, regardless of their â€Å"original† form, are no longer contested. More recent innovations, like restoring the t in often or pronouncing the l in almond, remain the stuff of blogging controversy. Related posts: How Do You Pronounce â€Å"Often†? L Words in English Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersWoof or Weft?

World View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World View - Essay Example In religious terms, humans are referred to as those individuals who have been awarded by god with qualities that no other beings, living or dead, consist. Only human beings are endowed with the power to practice spirituality and attain divinity. The goal of each human being is different. As such J. J. Valberg articulates the view that the path of each human being is different and it is not common for all human beings. (252) We are all part of the total power of the cosmos, just a spark! World is place which comprises of different components and these components exist to achieve a balance in the life of all individuals. World to me is a place where I have to stand and operate in such a manner where my individual interests are secure while making sure that my interests do not clash or become a hurdle with the interest of others. While achieving my interests, I will ensure that it will also serve the common interests of the people. The spiritual aspect of life: The correct living style for an individual is by giving importance to the secular and spiritual aspects of life. Of the two, spirituality is more important. Belief in God and in his style of administering the Divine Kingdom is the stepping stone for living a spiritually-oriented life. If we make a profound and critical study of the lives of Divine Personalities and the religious texts, the believers are liable to be further divided into two sections. The first section is those who only ‘believe’ in the existence of God, but does not ‘know’ Him. The second section is, along with ‘believing, knows’ Him as well. The first section does His worshipping and salutations, but has not met Him face to face. They have held discussions, done ritualistic practices, have lectured on the topic of God, but have not experienced Him in their inner world. This segment of believers is more in strength as compared to the second segment. The important reason for this outcome is the faulty a pproach prevalent in the society on God-related issues. Their firm conviction is, God-principle is the topic of the other world, and it is impossible to see Him here. God is invisible like the air. We can only feel His presence. Such wrong assumptions continue to be accepted and the kingdom of God, in societal terms, becomes the argumentative proposition and the bundle of emotions steeped in ritualistic worships. From time immemorial, the Divine Personalities have made an important proclamation relating to God—God is the subject for practical vision and to be experienced. He can be seen and experienced in the actual sense of the term. The Divine Personalities have guided in the past, and will continue to guide the inquisitives treading the path of spirituality, as to how practical vision of God, whose essential form is Light, is possible. The Secular aspect of Life: The secular aspect of life is also equally important. The technological advances and internet revolution have i mpacted the materialistic society and have a telling effect on humankind on the wrong side of life. Human values and morality are sacrificed for aggrandizement of wealth. Increased material prosperity has resulted in social disaster. For example, in America the divorce rates are more than 50% now. What does this mean? The family values like love, affection and respect to the elders have been relegated to the background and self-interest has become the domineering aspect of life. The concept of service has disappeared from the time-table of the individual. Some decades ago, helping others has been one of the domineering features of life. I have not made up my mind finally, as for the profession that I am

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of Essay

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of valuing securities and their risk. What are the drawbacks - Essay Example Thus each firm has to bear the cost of debt and cost of equity. These costs are calculated through various financial models designed to give an accurate analysis of the costs the firms have to bear. There are three models used by analysts and firms to calculate their cost of capital; the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Dividend Valuation Model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. The focus of this report is the CAPM model and a comparison between this model and the Dividend Valuation Model. â€Å"The capital asset pricing model attributable to Sharpe (1964) is a cornerstone of modern financial theory and originates from the analysis of the cost of capital.† (Chouodary 2004) this market model encompasses the concept of risk and comes under the domain of risk premium market models. This model takes into account the risks borne by the investor for investing in the securities. When an investor puts his money in any security he faces many risks ranging from liquidity to inflat ion etc. The underlying principle of the capital asset pricing model is that investors want to be compensated for bearing the risk in the form of extra return. This extra return is over and above the risk free rate as risk free securities have no risk due to their guaranteed nature. All government securities are risk free as the government will pay back all its investors and there is no default involved in this case. Thus, before actually giving you the CAPM equation one needs to understand the logic of risk and return i.e. the concepts that make up the component of the CAPM equation. Risk and return valuations are the most important part of investment decisions. The risk and return go proportionately with each other i.e. greater the risk greater will be the return. Deriving from the basics an expected return is the mean of the probability distribution of possible future returns. ‘The expected return on an investment is the average return from the investment and is calculated as the probability weighted sum of all potential returns.’(Rao, 1989) The concept of risk and return arises due to the uncertainty of future outcomes. The underlying factor here is that the actual return received may be different from the expected return, thus generating risk for the investors. All financial assets produce cash flows and the riskiness of these assets is derived from the riskiness of these cash flows. An asset considered in isolation carries stand-alone risk and is considered to be less risky as compared to when it is held in a portfolio. In a portfolio, assets with different expected return are grouped together. The risk of the portfolio is divided into two parts: diversifiable risk and market risk. The diversifiable risk is the one that can be eliminated and therefore this type of risk is not accounted for in the risk computation. The risk that the investors are really interested in calculating is the market risk (the non-diversifiable risk) i.e. the relevan t risk which arises from the broad market movements. The measures of the risk are variance and standard deviation. The variance of a stock can be calculated using the below formula provided the required rate of return is given: N Var(R) = ?2 = ? pi(Ri – E[R])2 i=1 Where: N = the number of states pi = the probability of state i Ri = the return on the stock in state i E[R] = the expected return on the stock The positive square root of variance is standards deviation which

David Lindsay-Abaire's Rabbit Hole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

David Lindsay-Abaire's Rabbit Hole - Essay Example Even though Lindsay-Abaire foregrounds the intensity of Becca and Howie’s loss, he strongly puts forward the necessity to overcome their mourning in order to survive and appreciate life. Through the plot, the characterization, the setting and the theme, the audience perceives that Lindsay-Abaire encourages people not to let grief destroy their lives. The plot turns around the interaction between the main characters, but it especially points out the effects Danny’s tragic death has on his parents, Becca and Howie, and even on other members of the family. Killed in a tragic accident, Danny’s death causes much grief to the family and has a negative effect on the relationship between the members, especially between Becca and Howie. Even though both parents deeply suffer from the loss, each of them has a different way to express his/ her bereavement. The following statement informs: â€Å"With sly judiciousness, Lindsay-Abaire layers fragments from each segment of th eir years together into the story, letting us learn by indirection about the accident, the family's life before it, the couple's shattered condition now† (Feingold). In fact, it is through the characters’ interaction that the audience learns about the mourning and evaluates the impact the grief has on their everyday life. Becca is so involved with mourning the loss of her son that she cannot fully enjoy the fact that her sister Izzy is going to have a baby whereas she lost her child. Moreover, her relationship with her husband is even more estranged since they have stopped having sexual relations. Becca’s bereavement for her son does not even allow her to have sex because she will not let any moment of joy interfere with her grief. She even fails to feel some empathy for her mother, Nat, who also lost a son. She feels her pain is unique and cannot be compared to any other loss. Even though Howie is also suffering, he handles his mourning more decently. Lindsay-Ab aire chooses a very specific characterization which reveals the destruction that Becca and Howie’s grief causes to their relationship, and he advocates an imminent need for change. All the main characters in the play feel the impact of the mourning on themselves and on their relationships with the others. Becca used to be a very strong professional woman and a mother until the fatal accident that took her son rendered her psychologically vulnerable. Commenting about her, this author states â€Å"Becca is an enlightened woman whose coping mechanisms clearly are being tested to their limits. We learn she was successful in her former job but that motherhood redefined her as a person, leaving her now feeling rootless, purposeless and empty† (Rooney). She feels a deep grief that impacts everything in her life, including her relationship with her husband who is very caring and tries to dissimilate his loss by watching Danny’s videos. Despite his own bereavement, Howie finds the strength to console his wife and suggests a therapist to help her out. However, his sadness comes out during their arguments leading him to accuse Becca of attempting to erase any sign of Danny. Referring to the tension within the couple James MacKillop argues:

French Bread Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French Bread - Research Paper Example It consists of water, yeast salt and wheat flour. These are the ingredients that people in France, and indeed all over the world, have been suing to make bread for millennia. These are the same ingredients that Arabs use to make flat bread, Chinese use to make boiled dumplings and Italians use to make raised pie dough. So it is clearly not the ingredients that make a loaf that is recognizable as French bread. So when did these simple ingredients become identifiable as making a loaf that is distinguished as â€Å"French†. One of the things that makes French bread â€Å"French† is the distinctive shape. The baguette is a long thin loaf. It is usually is five inches in diameter and is approximately three feet long. Size does vary, but in general, but French bread loaves are in the long, thin baguette shape. This shape has been around since at least the mid-18th century in Paris. Personal diaries and published works detailing travels through Europe make mention of seeing servants walking through the streets of Paris in the early morning carrying long loaves of bread that resembled crowbars (Elson, 1896). So the baguette shape was popular long before the invention of modern machines that were used to knead, cut and shape dough. One theory that points to today’s popularity of the baguette shape points to a law that was passed in the early 20th century (Asaff, 2006). Since the revolution, France has tried to ensure that workers are treated fairly and that the state or their employers do not exploit their labor. As a result, France has some of the most labor friendly laws in the world. They enjoy a short workweek as mandated by law and overtime beyond a certain point is prohibited. One of these laws that was passed prohibited workers in the bread making industry from working between the hours of 10:00 PM and 4:00 AM. This made the baking of normal loaves of bread very difficult. The dough would not have enough time for the processes of

Maldives Country Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Maldives Country Case Report - Essay Example However, as this century came to an end, the entire globe was engulfed in destructive world wars and huge financial crisis. This time is also referred to as the First Great Age of Global Capitalism. Then came the time of great maturation called as globalization. Also of critical importance, this stage became apparent in the world at the last quarter of the 20th century. As time passed and globalization gathered pace through the revolutionary techniques of verbal communication, the interdependence of web grew more and more. The interdependence thus related the every country in the world (Gilpin and Gilpin, Moses and Knutsen, 365). In Maldives the effect had been more or less the same. The interdependence thus introduced in the country by destroying old walls around most of the issues. The politics in Maldives can also not be separated in two separate clauses of domestic and international. As for the foreign policy, it has also moved beyond the terms of realism. Of course, like the past, one cannot ignore the increasing pace and scope of the events occurring internationally. Maldives has also been affected by the reduction of space as well as time as it has presented the country with a lot of trade-offs. More specifically, it has become difficult for countries like Maldives to focus on one area at the expense of the other area. Maldives is thus known as a Faraway Flashpoint which is undergoing fast changes in technical, social, political, and economic arenas. Maldives thus focuses on cooperation as it is necessary for its survival (Moses and Knutsen, 367). As far as the patterns of changes are concerned, it has been observed that the country holds the transformationalist Perspective. This can be determined by the trends of political change since the country has now been reconstituted and restructured in its essence. In

Health and well-being 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and well-being 3 - Essay Example In such a highly demanding lifestyle the modern man lives, one would usually rely on the help of technology, making him used to sitting or lying down. In addition, the abundance of fast food centers is also a contributing factor to the growth of unhealthy lifestyle where people rely on the cheap and readily available but unhealthy foods. For instance, hamburgers could be hurriedly availed but it sure is full of fat. In addition, the upsize is usually a tempting choice especially during a long day in school or office. Colas are good matches for fast food picks and the upsize is also available for just few more cents, giving more sugar intake. Such influences have been a part of my life for a long time and breaking the practice usually is a struggle. Taking this class has reminded me of my responsibilities to myself, especially in taking care of my health which I can definitely control through self-discipline. I have made a few changes to my eating habits again, getting rid of unhealthy snacks like chips and colas which are sure contributors to diseases affecting the kidneys and other vital internal organs. I now rely on fruits for my sugar intake and eat more vegetables to strengthen my immune system. Eating at home has been frequent these past weeks and adjusting my schedule for me to be able to cook my own food has been deliberately planned. Picking my kitchen needs has given me more time to walk and make my social life healthier by meeting more people, communicating with those whom I meet in the department stores and not limiting my social life within the school. Preparing my own food allowed me to do more various activities, giving me room to relax, think and organize. Learning that sleep is essential to physical health, I made changes to my night activities for me to be able to sleep early and take enough rest, allowing my body to regenerate normally. With the

Maldives Country Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Maldives Country Case Report - Essay Example However, as this century came to an end, the entire globe was engulfed in destructive world wars and huge financial crisis. This time is also referred to as the First Great Age of Global Capitalism. Then came the time of great maturation called as globalization. Also of critical importance, this stage became apparent in the world at the last quarter of the 20th century. As time passed and globalization gathered pace through the revolutionary techniques of verbal communication, the interdependence of web grew more and more. The interdependence thus related the every country in the world (Gilpin and Gilpin, Moses and Knutsen, 365). In Maldives the effect had been more or less the same. The interdependence thus introduced in the country by destroying old walls around most of the issues. The politics in Maldives can also not be separated in two separate clauses of domestic and international. As for the foreign policy, it has also moved beyond the terms of realism. Of course, like the past, one cannot ignore the increasing pace and scope of the events occurring internationally. Maldives has also been affected by the reduction of space as well as time as it has presented the country with a lot of trade-offs. More specifically, it has become difficult for countries like Maldives to focus on one area at the expense of the other area. Maldives is thus known as a Faraway Flashpoint which is undergoing fast changes in technical, social, political, and economic arenas. Maldives thus focuses on cooperation as it is necessary for its survival (Moses and Knutsen, 367). As far as the patterns of changes are concerned, it has been observed that the country holds the transformationalist Perspective. This can be determined by the trends of political change since the country has now been reconstituted and restructured in its essence. In

Air New Zealand Flight 901 Essay Example for Free

Air New Zealand Flight 901 Essay A McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft (Registration Mark 2K-NZP), owned and operated by Air New Zealand, Ltd. , as non-scheduled air transport flight TE-901 from Auckland, New Zealand to Christchurch, New Zealand, over Antarctica, collided with Mount Erebus, Antarctica, on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 persons aboard. The accident has caused widespread attention in that, up to this day, controversies and debates remain over the true cause of the accident, and in the amount of responsibility and accountability the airline and its crew should assume. Public opinion also remains polarized. The accident report compiled by Ron Chippindale, the chief inspector of air accidents, attributed blame to the decision of Captain Jim Collins to descend below the customary minimum altitude level, and continue at that height when the crew was unsure of the planes position. The aircraft altitude was 445 meters (1465ft), way below the customary minimum prohibited descent below 1830 meters even under good weather conditions. The flight plan led Collins to believe that the plane was over flat ground, and previous Flight 901 pilots regularly flew low over the area to give passengers a better view. The New Zealand Government also conducted a one-man Royal Commission of Inquiry into the accident. On April 27, 1981, Justice Peter Mahon cleared the crew of blame for the disaster. According to Justice Mahon, the cause of the crash was the interaction a series of entries of co-ordinates into the plane’s navigation computer, including an erroneous entry from years earlier, its correction on the morning of the crash and entries of the flight plan. The result was that the pilots thought they were flying over low flat ground when they were in fact flying directly into the mountain; there was a whiteout at the time. No one’s action was the cause if the crash; it was the cumulative result of the series of actions. Justice Mahon also found that the radio communications center at McMurdo Station had authorized Collins to descend to 450 meters. Controversially, Justice Mahon accused Air New Zealand executives of cover-up, disposal of evidence and subterfuge, famously using the phrase orchestrated litany of lies. However, the Privy Council consequently found that Justice Mahon, as Royal Commissioner, had acted in excess of his jurisdiction and contrary to natural justice regarding those allegations. In their judgment, delivered on 20 October 1983, the five Law Lords of the Privy Council dismissed the Commissioners appeal and upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal decision, which set aside the costs order against the Airline, on the grounds that Mahon had committed clear breaches of natural justice. On the basis that the requirements for the crime of criminally negligent killing could be made out, were the required actions and mental state to have been those of a human being, the accident cannot be blamed to the pilots and crew of Flight 901. According to the Section 23 of the Criminal Code: â€Å"Subject to the express provisions of this Code relating to negligent acts and omissions, a person is not criminally responsible for an act or omission which occurs independently of the exercise of his will, or for an event which occurs by accident. It can be recalled that the crash was caused by interaction a series of entries of co-ordinates into the plane’s navigation computer without the knowing of the pilots. Clearly, the pilots and the crew were not accountable for the disaster. However, Air New Zealand is still criminally and morally responsible for the loss of lives of the Flight 901 passengers. At the time of the crash, the Civil Aviation (Carriers Liability) Act 1959 was available to impose liability on corporations. The Act was enacted to implement the Warsaw Convention in Australian law. Basically, the Warsaw Convention imposes strict liability on international air carriers in respect of death or personal injury to passengers, destruction or loss of or damage to registered baggage or cargo. Liability under the Warsaw Convention for personal injury or death ranges to from 125,000 to 250,000 francs. If the Warsaw Convention cannot be applied, liability may still be imposed under Australian law. Part IV of the Carriers’ Liability Act 1959 applies to air carriage between Australian States; to from or in an Australian Territory; or between Australia and another country. For such air carriage, liability for death or personal injury is currently capped at $500,000. Moreover, the catastrophic crash of Air New Zealand flight 901 into Mt. Erebus provides an interesting case in examining the idea of corporate moral responsibility. A principle of accountability that has Aristotelian roots and is significantly different from the usual strict intentional action principles maintains that a person can be held morally accountable for previous non-intentional behavior that has harmful effects if the person does not take corrective measures to adjust his ways of behavior so as not to produce repetitions. In the case of Flight 901, the pilots and the crew were not morally accountable since they were not informed about the series of corrections that caused the crash. They could have taken corrective measures had they known these changes.

Causes and Treatments of Dengue fever

Causes and Treatments of Dengue fever Abstract Dengue fever is caused by positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus  Flavivirus. Dengue virus is transmitted to humans by a mosquito vector Aedes aegypti belonging to genus Aedes of family Culicideae. 50 -100 million peoples are affected by dengue virus . Indian scientists have develop a vaccine for the prevention of the dengue fever. Dengue Virus Genome Contain 10 Viral Protein C,prM,E,NS1.NS2A,NS2B,NS3,NS4A,NS4B,NS5. vector population suppression ,replacement are genetic approaches for control of dengue. In the population suppression vector number is reduced to minimize disease transmission and population replacement of wild-type vector was replaced with genetically modified vector incapable of transmitting the disease. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a particular type and environmentally benign way to suppress the insect population, it is based on collective farming, and radiation-mediated sterilization, and large number of male insects are release. The rel ease of insects carrying a dominant lethal (RIDL) offers a resolution to many of the weaknesses of traditional SIT which has narrow its application in mosquitoes while sustaining the efficacy ecologically friendly and specific types. RNA interference is a mechanism of gene control sequence after transcriptional selectively. RNA viruses Interference (RNAi) pathway is one of the most critical components of the innate immune system of insects that can frustrate a variety of RNA virus such as flavivirus. From all the genetic based method RIDL techniques is most advance. Introduction: Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the rapid development of Aedes aegypti. (McCall and Kittayapong 2006) originally innate to West Africa and spread in the whole world (Antonelli, Clayton et al.) 50 -100 million peoples are affected by dengue virus (Wilke and Marrelli 2012). Dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Dengue virus has four major serotypes but antigenically distinct single stranded RNA viruses . The four serotypes of dengue viruses cause disease. The severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DHF / DSS), can lead to internal bleeding and even death. (Malavige, Fernando et al. 2004; Olson, Alphey et al. 2006) There is no specific therapeutic drug available for dengue fever. Indian scientists have develop a vaccine for the prevention of the dengue fever animal trials of this vaccine have yielded good results but it is not yet commercialize. By Using yeast pastoris Pichia they have created a non-infectious dengue fever virus like particles made of only large DENV protein envelope to active virus-specific immunity. (Thisyakorn 2013). Dengue virus is 50-nm containing lipid membrane.180 identical copies of envelop protein is present at the surface of viral membrane short transmembrane segment. The virus genome is of about 11000 bases that translates into a single large polyprotein that is cleaved into 3 structural and 7 non-structural genes and short non-coding regions is also present on both the 5 and 3 ends The structural proteins are the capsid (C) protein, the envelope (E) glycoprotein and the membrane (M) protein. (Alcaraz-Estrada, Yocupicio-Monroy et al. 2010) (Nukui, Tajima et al. 2006) The increase of vectors in world is reason of emergence of diseases in new areas. therefore, there is need to control mosquito. Bed nets, space spraying are largely ineffective against this day biting mosquito. Therefore, there is a need to develop useful strategy to overcome dengue fever. Dengue control can be reduced or elimination of the vector population. The population vector can be reduced or eliminated based on genetic methods. There are two strategic objectives to control dengue by genetically modified mosquitoes.(McCall and Kittayapong 2006; Olson, Alphey et al. 2006) vector population suppression population replacement. In the population suppression vector number is reduced to minimize disease transmission and population replacement of wild-type vector was replaced with genetically modified vector incapable of transmitting the disease.(Antonelli, Clayton et al.) suppression techniques and replacement of population are not mutually exclusive and can be implemented in conjunction with other approaches. (Olson, Alphey et al. 2006; Organization 2009) For suppression of the vector population SIT (sterile insect technique) SIT is a specific control environment of the species method in which large numbers of sterile males are release these mate with wild female reduces the reproductive capacity of mosquito. (Coleman and Alphey 2004; Helinski, El-Sayed et al. 2006) SIT mosquito control approaches have been tense and still planned .Reduction mating competitiveness, and sterile female does not reduce the population ,fertility of irradiated males residual is the limitation of the approaches to mosquito control SIT. In SIT male mosquitoes are about liberation are not taking blood meals, and lethality performance so early larval death is density dependent reduction occur. (Yakob, Alphey et al. 2008; de Valdez, Nimmo et al. 2011; Lacroix, McKemey et al. 2012) RIDL (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal) strategy to reduce these limitations by recombinant DNA technology. In RIDL male n female mosquitoes are genetically modified approaches. (Coleman and Alphey 2004; Atkinson, Su et al. 2007; Phuc, Andreasen et al. 2007) OX513A RIDL bisex is a strain. The males are released to mate with wild females. The offspring of these mating die due to late larvae or pupae. Thus the target population can be reduced. (Wallace 2013) In female transgenic mosquitoes OX3604C that genes are present to conduct flightless female-tetracycline-repressible phenotype. flightless females can not mate with a male. (de Valdez, Nimmo et al. 2011; McGraw and ONeill 2013) And for substituting additional vector population or foreign genes are inserted to prevent the transmission vector of the disease. Foreign gene can be a gene Antipathogen, or a combination of transgenic approaches that will reduce or eliminate the transmission of disease from vectors to human.(Basu and Bhattacharya 2014) Genetic approaches leading to vector population suppression: GMV-based development of Sterile-Insect Technique (SIT): The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a specific method of species and environmentally benign control the insect population that relies on mass rearing and release of sterile insects.(Wilke and Marrelli 2012) These released insects compete for mates with wild females. Wild female pairing to a sterile male has no or fewer children, so that the population tends to decrease. If enough sterile insects are released for a sufficient period, the target population is controlled or even eradicated locally(Wallace 2013). SIT has been used successfully for over 50 years to control the entire area and / or elimination of several important agricultural pests and disease vectors, including the Mediterranean fruit fly, screwworm. (Coleman and Alphey 2004)Although conducted a series of tests in the 1970s, with some success, there is today no SIT programs on large-scale operation against mosquito species. (Yakob, Alphey et al. 2008; Lacroix, McKemey et al. 2012; Mwasunda October, 2012) Ae. aegypti is a, mosquito species fit for mass rearing. This species also appears to be reasonably uniform over large areas, without the problems of sub-species and barriers to mating. SIT has many advantages as compare to traditional strategies: it is species specific and to stay away from The harmful effects of pesticides on non-target species. The mating behavior of male insects is highly efficient as a substitute of relying on Human rights activists. wild insects Density are condensed that’s why it works better (Coleman and Alphey 2004) LIMITATION of SIT: The main problem of SIT is the loss of competitiveness mating for the wild type due to sterilization of insects by irradiation. For mosquitoes, releasing only male is considered essential, since the sterile females bite and can thus transmit the disease, while male mosquitoes do not bite. So SIT including large-scale, gender-based separation . pupal size can constantly give people male-only population for release. A key difficulty for mosquito SIT is sterilization. Irradiation of pupae appear to harm insects; irradiation as adults is less harmful but operationally much harder. Some trials used sterilizing chemicals such as thiotepa, which was effective for sterilization, but led to trace contamination with this mutagenic chemical. Another problem for mosquito SIT relates to the biology of the mosquito population. Unlike agricultural pests against which the main SIT programs are directed at present, mosquito populations can be regulated primarily by density-dependent effects, in which a very fruitful population is maintained at a level stable for limited resource constraints, others problems of SIT is fitness costs and operational difficulty of irradiation.(Coleman and Alphey 2004; Olson, Alphey et al. 2006; Wilke and Marrelli 2012) Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal Gene: Insects are designed to carry a dominant lethal genetic system can be used to replace the need for radiation sterilization in a similar SIT program. In this RIDL is replaced engineered lethal dominant. At the same time RIDL and SIT, and some or all of the descendants of people die as a result of the release of inheriting one or more dominant lethal mutations, so that the population tends to decline. (Atkinson, Su et al. 2007; Yakob, Alphey et al. 2008; Massonnet-Bruneel, Corre-Catelin et al. 2013) Mechanism: Male mosquitoes have developed genetically modified to contain lethal gene, in order to combat the spread of dengue fever. LA513 is piggyBac transposon-based non-independent from 8.4 kilobytes. Insert LA513 transposon within aeydes mosquitoes by genetic engineering techniques to produce toxins in the larvae of mosquitoes stage under normal condition, and thus cause the death of the larva. Transposon LA513 mainly containing DsRed2 gene that is to engage in the modified identify genetically by red fluorescence due to the expression of that gene. and tTAV gene (tetracycline -repressible transcriptional activator) tTAV gene is under the control of its binding site, titO, and minimal promoter of Drosophila HSP70, and 3 UTR sequence of the fruit fly FS (1) K10. tTAV bind with its binding site titOs and gives a very high level of expression of tTAV which is toxic under normal conditions. In The presence of tetracycline tTAV connect with them. This model does not bind tTAV with titO and do not even lead to the expression of more tTAV therefore this construction gives a very high level expression of tTAV in the absence of tetracycline, but gives low expression in the presence of tetracycline. The high level expression of tTAV may be due to the interaction with the VP16 domain transcription factor that provides a key to the building of this deadly system. (Massonnet-Bruneel, Corre-Catelin et al. 2013) When genetically modified mosquitoes are released in the wild and mate with wild female offspring to inherit this trait lethality. The resulting offspring die before reaching the age of majority and the local mosquito swarms fall.(McGraw and ONeill 2013) Oxitec is a British company is working to find innovative solutions to control insects using biotechnology and genetics in advance (called RIDL) placed Egyptian genetically modified Aedes this product and is named as a OX513A bisex RIDL strain. (Massonnet-Bruneel, Corre-Catelin et al. 2013) Aeydes mosquito, one of the most important carrier of the dengue fever,and decreased by 80% in the 2010 trial of these genetically modified mosquitoes in the Cayman Islands. Using genetically modified male aegypti we can reduce or eliminate the population of mosquitoes that specie, and thus we can control the transmission of dengue virus to humans, which causes dengue fever. Population replacement techniques: Population replacement techniques involve the insertion of additional or foreign genes to prevent the mosquitoes from transmitting the disease. The techniques may include inserting an antipathogen gene, an immune system upregulator, or a combination of transgenic approaches that will ultimately result in the reduction or elimination of disease transmission from mosquito to human. To assess whether a mosquito has reduced disease transmission capability, the virus titer in the experimental transgenic mosquitoes midgut and salivary glands can be measured and compared to a wildtype control. At least three genetic-transformation systems have been described and used successfully in Ae. aegypti to generate GMVs. These transformation systems are based on the Class II TEs Mos1 (Mariner), Hermes and piggyBac . Mos1 and piggyBac are the most commonly used TEs mos1 for generating GMVs. Evidence of rnai mechanism in mosquitoes: List the RNAs strategy Interference with the recurrence of dengue virus can operate Effective in mosquitoes and mosquito cells. The first evidence is recombinant Sindbis viruses having DENV-2-prM sequence was transformed in to in adult female mosquitoes. Sindbis viruses is single-stranded RNA virus. During replication it is convert in to double stranded RNA and intermediary expressing DENV-2 prM that is activate the RNAi mechanism . Combination of DENV-2 and the recombinant SINV having DENV-2-prM sequence slabs DENV replication in mosquitoes. in mosquito cell culture Expression of a dsRNA hairpin structure is a strong Catalyst of the RNAi mechnism. 567 nucleotide of the prM sequence from DENV-2 in a sense orientation and first 290 nt repeated in antisense orientation is made hairpin structure .cloned this into plasmid after transcription DENV-2 specific dsRNA is formed that stop the DENV-2 replication. transfection of C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) with dsRNA of arbovirus genome.these are the evidence which shows that Aedes species have RNAi mechanism resemble to other organisms. RNAi Mechnism : In RNAi mechanism dsRNA is integrate in The cytoplasm of the cell. RNase III enzyme Dicer is responsible to digest dsRNA in a small interfering RNA 21-23 BP (RNAs siRNAs). These double stranded siRNAs having two nucleotides over hangs at both of the 3’ends. Then siRNAs is unwounded in a single stranded by the enzyme complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex,(RISC).one strand act as RISC-targeting co-factor. siRNA having RISC binds with complementary mRNA. cleavage in the middle of the siRNA binding region by RISC is occur .then mRNA Is degrade by natural endogenous mechanisms. RNAi mechanism for dengue control: Sà ¡nchez-Vargas and collegues proved that RNAi paly a important role in the reduction of dengue infection. AAV (adeno-associated virus )siRNA infected the dendritic cells and decrease Dengue infection in human. Mosquito cell line transformed culture (C6 / 36, A. albopictus) by way of plasmid Which contain the inverted sequence of PRM gene of dengue And form dsRNA 290-BP. These transformed cells contain resistance to the dengue virus 2. When these cells are infected with dengue virus -2 viral RAN collection is not occur. These transformed mosquitoes cells Containing all the machines of RNAi. This finding proved that RNAi play a important role in reduction of dengue virus 2. Transposon ,that contain the inverted repeat sequence of prM gene of dengue virus is transformed in mosquito embryo along with carboxypeptidase A Promoter .after the intake of bloodmeal of mosquitoes dsRNA 578-BP is produce. When genetically modified Mosquito Carb 77 stuck With DENV2 having bloodmeal dsRNA is expressed along virus replication. thus preserving the Spreading of the virus from the host to the salivary Glands. RNAi mechanism is accountable for the resistance of DENV2. SiRNA-mediated silencing of receptors and Facility clathrin mediated endocytosis can prevent entry of Dengue virus .The proliferation of HepG2 cells, reducing the Virus. inhibit the dengue fever to develop into serious forms .Specified cellular genes involved in endocytosis operations And the dynamics of the cell structure, the task of infection DENV. SiRNA directing genes linked with clathrin mediated endocytosis. Villegas-Rosales et al. projected three siRNAs that have ability to silence the four DENV serotypes genome By pointing NS4B and NS5 sequences . SiRNA along with RNAi self-processing machinery have a role in the preclusion of unadorned dengue infection. In the development of new therepuetical drugs RNAI can play an imporatn role .

The Influence Of Green Groups On The Policy Of The United States :: essays research papers

The Influence of Green Groups on the Policy of the United States Abstract: This research examines the relationship between environmental groups and the policies of the United States. The United States political system has been historically anthropocen-tric, or human centered. Environmental groups have been attempting to change this to a biocentric or ecocentric viewpoint, which includes the rights of animals and the environment. These views are nature centered instead of human centered. This study will answer the question of whether these groups have been effective at altering United States policies. This will be done through the study of views offered by both sides. Also, a survey will be used to determine whether congressmen views are consistent with environmentalist views. It will also present whether policy change has taken place, and if these changes have remained intact through the study of past congressional decisions. Research Problem 1. Research Question Have environmental groups' strategies been successful at altering the policies of the United States? 2. Rational for the Research This research will help environmental groups to identify the effectiveness of their strategies. This is necessary for these groups to effectively alter the policies of the United States, which is one of the largest polluters in the world. If their strategies are ineffective then it will be necessary for them to reassess their methods. Without the use productive methods these groups will not be able to protect the environment. Animals, plants and the entire ecosystem must have the same protection as humans have. An ecocentric viewpoint establishes the right of the environment to have legal standing. This gives people the ability to defend the right of an animal to exist with the same rights as humans. Without this protection, people will be just as negatively affected as the environment. The earth must be thought of as a living organism, if one part is hurt then the whole planet will feel the effects. Unfortunately, business and governments take the stance that the earth is more like a machine. That is, at times if a part is hurt it can be repaired, without it effecting the whole system. Literature Review The literature on environmental groups and their influence and activities is vast. Several themes concerning the groups' influence in changing United States policy exist. The American Psychological Association has done studies on ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes (Thomas, 1994). Ecocentric values have arisen recently as environmental problems have come to the public's attention. Anthropocentric values have existed much longer. They have become institutionalized into our political and economic system. The movement toward environmental awareness arose in the political activism in the 60's. Although these values have recently been declining according to

Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Essay -- Farming Genes Science Essa

Genetic Engineering in Agriculture "Whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve better of Mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together." -The King of Brobdingnag, Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, 17271 Introduction Genetically engineered foods are the rage of the day for farmers across the world. Farmers are able to grow larger, tastier, more colorful foods that are more readily available and attractive to consumers. At the same time, farmers actually have been saving money because their crops are now more resistant to drought, frost, insect infestations, and bruising during transportation to markets. How does this work you ask....genetically modified foods. With the world's population growing at a rate that earth's resources simply can't support naturally, scientific intervention has become and will become even more inevitable. Feeding the world's hungry is becoming a more difficult problem to deal with everyday as the populations in unfarmable locations grow to sizes that cannot be supported by the current world food supply. My only question is: Will food or water run out first? Background For thousands of years 2, humans have been selecting the seeds of plants with certain desirable genetic traits to plant the following years crop. For years upon years, growers have identified and cultivated useful plant variants through selective breeding and environmental alterations. Corn, as it is known today, is nothing like it was a thousand years ago. Gregor Mendel, the "Father of Genetics", wrote his first major paper on genetics in 1865 where he puts into words wha... ...cannot be predicted, but we should do our best to preserve a species when possible. Let us feed the world with caution for the environment, morality and humanity. Bibliography 1. Plant Physiology, C.S. Prakash; May 2001, Volume 126, pp. 8-15 (no link) 2. Transgenic Crops, History of Plant Breeding http://www.colostate.edu/programs/lifesciences/TransgenicCrops/history.html 3. Webster's Dictionary (online) http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=transgenic 4. The Scientist, Using Transgenesis to Create Salt-Tolerant Plants, Ricki Lewis; March 2002 http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/mar/research1_020304.html (To use this link you will have to use a registered email, use wmeissner@scu.edu) 5. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, August 2003; http://pewagbiotech.org/resources/issuebriefs/geneflow.pdf